negligence (flashcards)

Tort law

requires reasonable care to protect people from harm on your property but does not apply to trsspassers.

Damages

plaintiff suffered actual injuries or loss.

Negligence

is the failure to provide reasonable amount of care to something that results in the harm of another person.

Attractive nuisance doctrine

says that if a person has something on their property that is likely to attract children then they have to take reasonable steps to protect the children against the possible dangers it could cause.

Reasonable person standard

helps judges determine if certain conduct is negligent and is an idealized version of how a community expects its members to act.

duty

legal obligation, the defendant had to owe a duty of care to the person who got injured

breach of duty

defendants conduct had to have violated said duty

causation

defendants actions caused plaintiff harm

damages

plaintiff suffered actual injuries or loss

what happens if minors are engaged with what is considered an adult activity

they are held to an adult standard of care

elements of negligence

duty, breach of duty, causation, damages

pools need to be fenced

true

causation

the reason an event occurs, which produces an effect

what is causation subdivided into

cause in fact and proximate cause

cause in fact

an element the plaintiff must prove to establish cause in fact

if harm would not have occured without w/o the wrongful act, then the act is the cause in fact of the harm

proximate cause

limits damages the defendants must pay to only the harms that have reasonably predicatable consequences of the defendants wrongful act.

\-foreseeable result

\-close connection between wrongful act and harm

proximate cause is

hard to prove

**contributory negligence**

a legal defense in which it is determined that the plaintiff and defendant share the fault for a negligence tort. neither can recover damages if equally at fault.

what happens if contributory negligence is proven

the plaintiff cannot recover damages

**comparative negligence**

in a tort suit, a finding that the plaintiff was partly at fault and, therefore, does not deserve full compensation for his or her injuries. dividing the loss according to the degree to which each person is at fault.

example of comparative negligence

if an accident was 40 percent the plaintiff’s fault, the plaintiff’s damages are reduced by 40 percent

**counterclaim**

a claim made by a defendant against the plaintiff in a civil lawsuit

**assumption of risk**

a legal defense to a negligence tort, whereby the plaintiff is considered to have voluntarily accepted a known risk of danger

selectional bias

add def.

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**can a sports league be held liable for brain damage in its former players?**

nope

strict liability

the legal responsibility for damage or injury even if you are not negligent

Strict liability means that the defendant is liable to the plaintiff regardless of fault or negligence.

To prove strict liability you must prove

only causation and damages.

must also convince the court that the activity that caused the harm is the type of unreasonably dangerous activity to which strict liability should be applied.

Strict liability applies to

activities that are seen as unreasonably dangerous.

Activities are considered unreasonably dangerous when

they involve a risk of harm that cannot be eliminated even by reasonable care.

toxic torts

a lawsuit against a manufacturer of a toxic substance for harm caused by the manufacture or disposal of that substance

pet owners are

held strictly liable for any harm caused by their untamed animals.

“one bite” rule

the dog owner cannot be sued successfully the first time his or her dog bites someone.

force majeure

remove liability for unforeseeable and unavoidable catastrophes that interrupt the expected course of events and prevent participants from fulfilling obligations.

* natrual disasters

tort reform

the movement that focuses on changing the process of settling tort claims. It emphasizes methods other than going to court or establishes limitations on how much money the winning party may receive

statute of limitations

a deadline for filing a lawsuit that requires a tort claim to be filed within a certain period after the injury was suffered. In most states, the statute of limitations for filing a tort lawsuit is either two or three years.

frivolous lawsuits

cases without merit, some­times filed in an effort to force the defendant to offer a cash settlement rather than going to the expense of defending the lawsuit

*Violence Against Women Act* of 1994

This law addresses domestic violence, sexual assault, rape, and stalking. It also creates protections against teen dating violence, establishes nationwide enforcement of protection orders, and expands stalking laws to include cyberstalking. 

rape is both

a criminal and civil offense

The 3 Ways for Juveniles to be tried in Adult Court

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Juvenile waiver, statutory exclusion, and direct file

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Direct File

gives prosecutors discretion to file charges against juveniles in adult criminal court 

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Statutory Exclusion

because of the crime - juveniles are sent directly to adult court

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Juvenile Waiver

allows judges to wave juveniles to adult court

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The 3 Civil Remedies

Rescission, Restitution, and Specific Performance

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Martin received several offers of $100 for the used mp3 player he was selling. Gina agreed to buy the item for $150, but she later refused to follow through on the purchase. Martin would be required to mitigate his damages. In other words, if he could still sell the used mp3 player for $100, his damages for a breach of contract claim against Gina would be only $50.

Duty to Mitigate (example)

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Duty to Mitigate

a party's obligation to make reasonable efforts to limit the harm they suffer from another party's actions

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Mitigate

to make less severe

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if you ordered goods that were never delivered, the court could order the company to deliver the goods to you. In the case of specific performance, you would still have to pay for the goods.

Specific Performance (example)

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Specific Performance (civil remedy)

a remedy available in civil court in which the breaching party must do exactly what he or she promised under the contract

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you order four video games through an online merchant and pay $120, but the company sends you only two games. Assume that the market value of the two games is $60. The expectation damages would be $60—the difference between the full value of what you were promised ($120) and the value of what you actually received ($60) in the mail. You would not have to return the games you received.

Expectation Damages (example)

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A contract involving commiting an illegal act or going against public policy is legally bound. true or false

FALSE

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Minors don't legally have to honor contracts they have agreed to. true or false

TRUE

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Each _______ must be proven by a preponderance of evidence to convict negligence

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elements of negligence

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Tort law requires that you use ________ ____ to protect other persons from harm when they are on your property

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reasonable care

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Tort law does not require you to be responsible for ___________ ______

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tresspassers injury

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Product Liability

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the legal responsibility of manufacturers or sellers for injuries caused by defective products

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strict liability (animals)

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The law has traditionally held owners strictly liable for any harm caused by their untamed animals

if a man denies being a child’s father, the mother may bring a ________, or action in court to establish his fatherhood, and force him to pay for prenatal care and child support

paternity suit

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emancipation

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children are free from the legal custody and control of their parents

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family (filial) responsibility laws

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require adult children to care for their elderly parents

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truant/truancy

a child who misses school without justification

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Medical Care

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Parents have a legal duty to protect and supervise their children’s health.

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Care and Supervision

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Parents may decide what is best for their children as long as they do not abuse or neglect them. There are no minimum requirements for the number of hours parents must spend with their children

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Family Car Doctrine

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forces parents to be responsible for damages caused by any driver in the family

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Child Abuse

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any adult or older child inflicts or threatens to inflict intentional physical, emotional, or sexual harm on a child

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Child Neglect

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occurs more frequently than child abuse and involves the failure to properly feed, clothe, shelter, educate, supervise, or tend to the medical needs of a child

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contract

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an agreement between two or more persons to exchange something of value

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breach

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in terms of contract refers to someone who fails to hold up their end of the bargain

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elements of a contract

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an offer --> an acceptance --> exchange of consideration --> legal competence

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Offer (element of a contract)

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a proposition directed to a specific person

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Accpetance (element of a contract)

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a verbal or physical agreement by either carrying out the agreement or paying

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Consideration (element of a contract)

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something of value is given for something else of value

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Legal competence (element of a contract)

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to make a contract someone may not be under the influence, mentally ill, etc

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Cosign

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an adult who also agrees to a contract and with that they take the responsibility if the minor refuses to pay

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Minors may be held to a contract involving _________.

necessities

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Unconscionable

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if a contract is unfairly oppressive, unfair, or harsh

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15th Amendment

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forbids denying the right to vote based on race or color

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Fraud

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false statement or lie in order to get them to do something

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you order four video games through an online merchant and pay $120, but the company sends you only two games. Assume that the market value of the two games is $60. The expectation damages would be $60—the difference between the full value of what you were promised ($120) and the value of what you actually received ($60) in the mail. You would not have to return the games you received.

expectation damages example

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Rescission (civil remedy)

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cancel or rescind a contract

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Restitution (civil remedy)

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recieving a refund for all the money you've already paid

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Specific Performance (civil remedy)

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order the seller to carry out the specific terms of the agreement

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if you ordered goods that were never delivered, the court could order the company to deliver the goods to you. In the case of specific performance, you would still have to pay for the goods.

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Specific Performance (example)

Strict liability applies to 

activities that are seen as unreasonably dangerous.

Activities are considered unreasonably dangerous when

they involve a risk of harm that cannot be eliminated even by reasonable care. 

While you do not have to prove fault in a strict liability case, you do have to prove

both causation and damages.

In product liability cases, manufacturers or sellers may have a defense if

the consumer misuses a product or ignores clear safety warnings.

paternity suit

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a lawsuit brought by a woman against a man she claims is the father of her child. If paternity is proven, the man is legally responsible for contributing to the support of the child

recidivism

statistic used to measure if someone goes to jail, do they commit the crime again

**Compensatory damages**

compensate injured party for loss or injury

**Punitive damages**

to punish a wrongdoer

If two cars each negligent collided into each other and harmed a pedestrian on the cross walk they are both responsible for the pedestrians injuries. 

**Cohabitation agreement**

a written or oral contract that outline how some unmarried couples want to deal with their money, property, or responsibilities during and after their relationship

**Palimony**

financial support after marriage

**Mavin v Marvin** 

court ruled that unmarried adults who voluntarily live together can make contracts regarding their earnings and property rights

**Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)**

federal definition of marriage as the union of a man and a woman - allowed each state to decide if same sex counts

**Paternity**

No one can be forced to marry someone against their will

**Family Support Act of 1988**

requires all states to assist mother and children in obtaining paternity testing and to allow paternity suits until the child is 18

**Responsibility for Children’s Acts**

Parents who fail to properly supervise and control children may be legally responsible for children’s acts

**Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 197**4

requires that Department of Justices Offices of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) oversee changes ordered by congress and it works with state/local units of government to improve juvenile justice systems

**McKeiver v Pennsylvania**

jury trials were not required in juvenile cases, could destroy privacy