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Mosses

Non-vascular plants lacking specialized structures (xylem and phloem) for transporting water and nutrients, limiting their growth to moist environments.

Ferns

Seedless vascular plants that belong to pteridophytes, reproducing via spores and possessing vascular tissue.

Sporophyte

The diploid generation of plants (2n) that develops from the fertilized egg and produces spores through meiosis.

Bryophytes

Group of non-vascular plants that need to be near water for reproduction, hydration, and due to lack of vascular tissue.

Gymnosperms

Plants that have adaptations for life on land, including pollen, seeds, and reduced gametophytes.

Hyphae

Threadlike filaments that make up the bodies of most fungi, forming a network known as mycelium for nutrient absorption.

Fungi

Organisms used in pharmaceuticals to produce antibiotics like penicillin and in food production like bread and beer.

Chordates

Animals characterized by having a notochord at some stage of their development.

Flatworms

Simplest animals exhibiting bilateral symmetry, with a simple body plan and centralized nervous system.

Arthropods

The group of animals with the highest species diversity, including insects, arachnids, and crustaceans.

Echinoderms

Animal group most closely related to chordates, including starfish and sea urchins, sharing a common ancestor.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The main energy carrier in cells, containing stored energy in its high-energy phosphate bonds.

Cellular respiration

Process where glucose's energy is carried by electrons in a series of redox reactions leading to ATP synthesis.

Glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, occurring in the cytoplasm and generating ATP and NADH.

Acetyl CoA

Substance pyruvate must be converted to before entering the Krebs cycle.

Mushrooms

Heterotrophic fungi that do not produce their own food through photosynthesis.

Water

The source of oxygen gas released by a photosystem during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

Thylakoid membrane

Location where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur, capturing sunlight for chemical energy.

Digestion

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food for nutrient absorption.

Peristalsis

Wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the esophagus to the stomach.

Salivary amylase

Enzyme that begins the digestive process by breaking down carbohydrates in the mouth.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart, except for pulmonary veins.

Capillaries

Smallest blood vessels allowing the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.