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what were nazi germany's 3 economic aims
1. reduce unemployment
2. make germany self-sufficient
3. control the workers/get their support
5 things hitler did to reduce unemployment
- national labour service (RAD)
- public work schemes
- rearmament
- conscription
- invisible unemployment
what was the national labour service
aka RAD
all men aged 18-25 had to spend 6 months in the RAD
experience includes:
- planting forests + mending hedges
- living in camps + wearing uniform
- free meals + pocket money
unemployment reduced bc more ppl working
what were the public work schemes
creating work through improving public services + facilities
- 1933: nazis order building of new autobahns (motorways)
- gave work to 100,000 ppl
- 1938: 3800km of motorway built
- schools + hospitals also built --> more work for more ppl
unemployment reduced bc more jobs made available
what was rearmament
rebuilding + increasing armed forces
- nazis ordered building of tanks, battleships, fighter planes + guns
- made in factories
--> lots of jobs created
--> factory owners make a fortune
unemployment reduced bc more jobs made available
what was conscription
all men aged 18-25 to join army for 2 yrs
- within 5 yrs: army goes from 100k to 1.4m
unemployment reduced bc more ppl working
what was invisible unemployment
women and Jews not included in unemployment figures
2 ppl who tried to make germany self sufficient
hjalmar schacht
hermann goering
(minister of economics)
what did schacht do
made deals w SE europe + south america to exchange raw materials for german made goods
why was schacht sacked
his plan worked well
but
- germany was still dependent on other countries
- plan going too slow for hitler
what did goering do
introduced 4 year plan in 1936
- increased military production for war
- jobs created, high targets met
what issues came from the 4yr plan
- other key industries (eg oil) not meeting targets
- g still not ready for war
how did goering try make germany self-sufficient
stopped trading w other countries
found alternatives to imports:
petrol from coal
fake wool + cotton from pulped wood
makeup from flour
coffee from acorns
goering famous quote
'would you rather have butter or guns? shall we bring in lard or iron? i tell you, guns make us powerful. butter only makes us fat.'
how much of g's population were farmers
around 30%
what did the nazis do to the farmers
needed farms to produce more if g to become self sufficient --> needed farmer support
- cut taxes
- guaranteed that they could not be thrown off their land
- stopped them dividing up their land to give to children
--> children who couldnt inherit went to cities for jobs
--> some ppl liked it tho bc it meant their farm was secure for generations
how did the nazis control the workers
DAF (german labour front) replaced trade unions + ran two schemes:
- Beauty of Labour (SDA)
- Strength through Joy (KDF)
beauty of labour
improved working conditions in factories:
- washing facilities
- low-cost canteens
- improved lighting + safety equipment
strength through joy
leisure activities to encourage hard work
eg. theatre, holidays, football matches
what else did the DAF do
had a scheme to help ppl save for a car
eg the volkswagen, aka the people's car, which hitler helped design
did the car saving scheme ever work
no bc the money was used for making weapons instead
were workers better off under the nazis
- promises fulfiled for work to be created
- kdf rewards
- sda better conditions
- lost rights bc banned trade unions
- workers could not quit w/o gvt permission
- could be forced to work as many hours as the nazis needed
- banned from striking
were farmers better off under the nazis
- 1937: agricultural prices increased by 20%
- agricultural wages rising higher
- Hereditary Farm Law of 1933 gave families more security
- banned from splitting land for inheritance
--> unhappy families
--> kids who can't inherit go to cities
5 reasons germans were better off under nazis
- new public facilities built (motorways, hospitals etc)
- national income increased (1932 = 43bn reichsmarks, 1938 = 80bn reichsmarks)
- unemployment fell (1932 = 5.6m, 1938 = 2m)
- self sufficiency achieved
- strength through joy program
5 reasons germans were worse off under nazis
- women + jewish ppl taken off unemployment lists
- small businesses suffered
- women lost jobs + men given preference for job offers
- wages lower, working day 10% longer (1939 vs 1928)
- trade unions banned
3 ways war impacted germany
rationing
total war
bombing
2 ways rationing affected germany
- 1939: one egg per week (severe food shortages)
- soap + toilet paper in short supply, hot water 2 days per week
4 ways total war affected germany
- 1942: Albert Speer (Armaments Minister) organises TOTAL WAR
- factories forced to stay open + women working in them
- beer halls, dance halls, sweetshops, letterboxes closed/boarded up (anything not to do w war shut)
- 1944: 7m foreign workers from occupied countries = slave labour in german factories
5 ways bombing affected germany
- cuased flooding + gas explosions
- no water, electricity or transport
- ppl fled their homes + became refugees, or were injured/killed by bombs
- Dresden + Cologne almost completely destroyed
- support for Nazis began to decline
4 groups affected by nazi rule
young people
women
christians/the church
minorities
how were young ppl affected by nazi rule
- hitler youth set up 1922
- all other youth clubs banned 1933
- The Hitler Youth Law: law made for hitler youth to be of same level of importance as school + home (compulsory)
- league of german maidens = girls version
- school: history = stab in the back weimar, biology = aryan superiority
2 reasons nazis wanted to control women
birth rate decreased due to more career women - needed increased germany population
believed it was women's place to stay home + have children
6 things women were banned from nazi germany
trousers
high heels
smoking
jury service
contraception
abortion
3 categories of how women were affected nazi germany
work, family + children, lifestyle
3 effects on women's work
women expected to give up jobs + stay home
female doctors, teachers, lawyers + civil servants fired
labour exchanges and employers expected to give jobs to men not women
4 effect on women's lifestyle
women expected not to wear trousers + high heels. modest dressing
no makeup, simple hairstyles
schools discouraged girls from getting higher education
kinder kirche kuche
5 effects on family + children life for women
1933 Law for the Encouragement of Marriage --> loans provided to get married and have children
abortion + contraception banned
'unsuitable' women forcibly sterilised
Motherhood Cross - award for having a lot of children
Lebensborn clinics for unmarried Aryan women to have children with SS officers
2 successes of nazi women policy
1933 - 970,000 babies born
1939 - 1,413,000 babies born
many women liked + supported the changes
failure of nazi women policy
ww2 germany needed women to work in factories + became wage earners, contradicted nazi ideas
3 reasons christians might support nazis
marriage, family + moral values
anti-communism (communism = anti religious)
concordat
what was the concordat
1933- Hitler wouldn't interfere with the Church as long as the Catholics would stay out of politics
hitler broke this
3 things hitler does against christians
bans catholic scls + youth clubs
arrested priests
arrested archbishop galen (well known leader) for speaking out
what did the pope issue in response to hitlers actions
statement called 'With Burning Anxiety'
group of christians who supported hitler
'german christians'
leader = ludwig muller (became reich bishop in 1933)
slogan = 'swastika on our chests and the cross in our hearts'
admired hitler's belief in marriage + family + moral values
group of christians who opposed hitler
'confessional church'
leader = martin niemoller
openly criticised nazis
nazis arrested 800 pastors + banned this church
nazi response to other christian groups
jehovahs witnesses + salvation army (amongst others) killed in concentration camps
bc they refused conscription --> pacifists
christians who stood up against nazis
dietrich bonhoeffer
martin niemoller
4 races/groups hitler saw as inferior
jews
gypsies
slavs
black + indian ppl
what happened in 1941
hitler stopped jews leaving germany
final solution began
by then, 80% had left germany
stats for ppl sent to concentration camps
half a million...
tramps, beggars, alcoholics
thousands of...
prostitutes, homosexuals, problem families
350,000 disabled ppl sterilised
200,000 disabled ppl killed in fake nursing homes
nuremburg laws
1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.
build up to final solution
first ghettos
then einsatzgruppen
then the final solution
stats for horrificnness of conditions in ghettoes
55,000 jews died in the warsaw ghetto
einsatzgruppen
'death squads' that would round up jews, take them to outskirts of villages, force them to dig their own grave then shoot them
2 million russians (mainly jews) died this way
how the final solution came to be
1941 - nazis think destruction of jews not quick enough
1942 - Wannsee Conference to discuss how to remove the remaining 11 million jews in europe
decided on poisonous gas
6 death camps to be built for this
plan = final solution (aka Holocaust)
kristallnacht
november 1938, carried out by SS troops
10,000 jewish shops had windows broken
100 jews killed
20,000 jews sent to concentration camps
200 synagogues burned down
3 key types of resistance to extermination of jews
resistance to einsatzgruppen
warsaw ghetto uprising
treblinka death camp uprising
final solutuion stats
jews died:
poland - 3,000,000 - 90%
germany - 210,000 - 90%
resistance to einsatzgruppen
when they arrived, some jews escaped to forests + formed resistance groups
attacked german soldiers
blew up railway lines
warsaw ghetto uprising
(1943) Unsuccessful revolt of Polish Jews confined to the Warsaw ghetto, who rose up to resist being sent to the Treblinka death camp.
lasted 43 days
germans arrested, executed ppl involved
burned down ghetto
treblinka death camp uprising
1943
prisoner got into weapons store + handed out guns + grenades
set camp on fire, 150 prisoners escaped, killed 15 guards
nazis regained control + all escapees killed
550 other prisoners killed in revenge
who knew about final solution
loyal nazis
BUT ALSO
ordinary people - railway workers (transport to camps), telephone operators, typists, policemen, soldiers
150 german companies used auschwitz prisoners for slave labour
1943 headline - jews to be exterminated
two understandings of whether or not final solution was planned from the start
intentionalist historians - whole thing planned from beginning
structuralist historians - no clear plan, policy evolved over the years
2 methods hitler used to control germany
terror
propaganda
what 4 things made up the nazi poice state (terror method)
SS
gestapo
concentration camps
police + law courts
himmler role in nazi police state
head of SS
oversaw ordinary German police
captured may 1945 but committed suicide before trial
3 sections of the SS
SD - security
Waffen SS - elite unit
Death's Head Units - camps
regular police + law courts role in nazi police state
ignored crimes committed by nazis
death penalty for...
- anti-hitler joke
- sex with a jew
- foreign radio station
gestapo role in nazi police state
secret police
encouraged reporting on each other
heydrich role in nazi police state
head of SD
oversaw gestapo
assassinated in Czech in 1942
Goebbels (propaganda method)
Minister of Enlightenment and Propaganda
controlled propaganda and censorship in nazi germany
5 things affected by propaganda in nazi germany
newspapers
films
radio
rallies
culture
newspapers propaganda nazi germany
only pro-nazi stories
many anti-jew stories
1933 - 4700 newspapers
1944 - 1100 newspapers
films propaganda nazi germany
goebells read + supervised all plots
before movie = newsreels + documentaries w nazi message
examples:
Jew Suss = story of evil Jew
Ohm Kruger = anti-British film
radio propaganda nazi germany
Reich Radio Company controlled all local radio stations
‘People’s Receiver’ = cheap radio, no foreign broadcasts
Loudspeakers in public squares - Nazi propaganda programmes
rallies propaganda nazi germany
parades = power, organisation, discipline
speeches
Nuremburg = most famous rally
culture propaganda nazi germany
7 things affected:
cinema (already seen)
music
theatre
literature
art/design
mass rallies (already seen)
sport
music affected
ALLOWED
german/austrian
folk/classical
eg. Bach, Beethoven, Mozart
BANNED
Weimar Germany
Jewish composers - eg. Mahler
Jazz - too black
music impact
reduce wt lyrics etc ppl can listen to
young ppl still illegally listen to american music
theatre affected
banned ‘Threepenny Opera’
by Jewish playwright
contained jazz music
all plays must focus on history/politics
shut cabaret clubs
encouraged sex
songs ab politics
literature
banned - removed from shops/libraries
‘un-German’ authors
Jewish authors
Weimar period books
eg. ‘All Quiet on the Western Front’ (anti-war)
encouraged
race
war
nazi brilliance
2500 writers left Germany btw 1933+45
1933 - mass burnings of banned books
Mein Kampf became bestseller
literature impact
remove range of opinions/intellectual thought + questioning
nothing to compare nazi life with
art and design affected
1933 - Bauhaus design banned - big stone buildings built instead
1936 - burned 5000 disapproved paintings (modern art)
1937 - displayed approved art
heroic German figures
families
Hitler (heroically)
sport affected
sport general:
england gave heil hitler before international game 1938
olympics:
stopped antisemetic posters/newspapers
germans top of medal table
aryan supremacy
best technology
‘tracking shots’
‘photo-finish’ equipment
3 groups made happy by nazis and why
teenagers - Hitler Youth adventures
factory owners - mass producing weapons for war
workers - Strength though Joy, German Labour Front
3 levels of resistance
low level resistance
open opposition
attempts to kill hitler
two ways of low level resistance
moaning + grumbling
anti-hitler joke
complain in private
passive resistance (refusing)
no heil hitler (eg. August Landmessser - arrested after tryna flee)
no money to Hitler Youth members collecting funds
4 open opposition groups
Swing Youth
Edelweiss Pirates
Religious opposition
White Rose movement
swing youth
openly declared nazi dislike
listened to jazz
had jewish friends
swing youth fate
jazz records confiscated
hair cut short
sent home
some sent to front lines
suspected leaders = concentration camps
jewish swing kids (eg. Coco Schuman) = holocaust
edelweiss pirates
banned youth group
beat nazi officials
helped army deserters
edelweiss pirates fate
1944 under Himmler’s command:
13 ppl publicly hanged in Cologne
religious opposition
criticism from leaders of protestant + catholic church (germany’s 2 main religious faiths)
eg. 1941 catholic church spoke out against killing disabled ppl
white rose movement
anti-nazi leaflets
posters
graffiti
two main groups tryna kill hitler
Kreisau Circle
Beck-Geordeler Group
Kreisau Circle
army officers, uni professors, aristocrats
shocked by Hitler’s brutality
discussed plans to assasinate but no action
Beck-Goedeler Group
army officers
led by Ludwig Beck + Karl Geordeler (nazi official)
contacted UK ab removing nazis but nothing agreed
3 attempts to kill inc July Bomb plot
july bomb plot leader
Claus von Stauffenberg
july bomb plot plan
detonate bomb under table at Nazi meeting
army officers seize power in berlin
july bomb plot wt acc happened
sm1 accidentally moved briefcase
killed 4 ppl + injured hitler
plotters caught + executed