USABO Chapters 1-5/AP Bio Unit 1 Extremely Extensive and Detailed

Contains terms from both

What makes something living (7 answers)

Order, Energy Processing, Growth and Development, Response to Stimuli, Evolution, and the ability to reproduce

Definition of Reductionism

Reducing a complex large topic, idea, or system into smaller more manageable chunks to understand.

Definition of Feedback Regulation

The output or product of a process where the output regulates that process

Function for Feedback Regulation

x(old) = f(g(x(new)))

Negative Feedback

A loop where the response reduces the stimulus

Positive Feedback

Where the output increases the iinitial stimulu

Taxonomy

systematic classification of living things

Acronym for Taxonomy

Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great Soup

Every Type of Domain

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota

Every Kingdom

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Plantae, Fungae, Protistae, and Animalia

Definition of Science

Way of using the scientific method to understand how things work

Quantitative Data

Data using numbers, graphs, facts, and tables

Qualitative Data

Data using recorded descriptions

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Definition of Element

Substance of one type of atom that can’t be broken down into other types of atoms

Definition of Compound

A substance containing two or more elements in a fixed ratio

What Percent of Elements are Essential for Life

20-25%

Definition of Trace Elements

Elements that are required by an organism in minute quantities

Definition of an Atom

Smallest unit of matter that retains the property of an element

Definition of Subatomic Particles

Bits of matter that make up atoms without the properties of an element

3 Main Subatomic Particles

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

Definition of Atomic Number

Amount of protons in an element that changes depending on the element

Definition of Atomic Mass Number

The total number of the protons and neutrons in an atom

What is a Dalton

Number by Tom Dalton that is the mass of a neutron and proton, around 1.7 × 10^-29

Definition of Atomic Mass

The total mass of an atom

Definition of an Isotope

A variation of an element that differs in the number of neutrons

What Is the most common carbon isotope and what percent of carbons does it make up

Carbon 12, 99%

Definition of a Radioactive Isotope

An isotope with an unbalanced amount of neutrons to protons, causing the nucleus to decay spontaneously, which in turn causes proton decay, and the eventual change in the element

Definition of Radiometric Dating

A method that measures ratios of isotopes to determine the age of something

Definition of Half Life

The amount of time it takes for the parent isotope to decay into 50% of the daughter isotope

Definition of Energy

The capacity to cause change or do work

Definition of Potential Energy

Energy that is capable of causing change

Are electrons stronger the further they are from the nucleus? Y or N

Yes

Definition of Valence Shell

The outermost electron shell

Use of Valence Shells

Atoms want to join to complete their valence shell, which has a maximum of 8 electrons, and it is used to predict bonds between atoms

Max Amount of Electrons in the First and Second Shell

2 and 8

What is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

You cannot measure the momentum and position of an electron together, you cannot predict an electrons path to 100%

Orbital

Three dimensional space where an electron has a 90% chance of being

Numbers of Orbitals in the first shell and second shell

1 and 4

Type of Orbital in the first shell

1s

Types of Orbitals in the second shell

A large spherical orbit called 2s, and three dumbell shaped orbits called 2p

Definition of Chemical Bonds

The interlocking of atoms to form compounds by the shore or transfer of valence electrons in the valence shells

Definition of a Covalent Bond

A bond that shares valence electrons in two atoms to complete their shells

Definition of a Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded together

Definition of a Single Bond

Pair of shared electrons

Defintion of a Double Bond

Two oxygen atoms sharing two pairs of valence electrons

Definition of Electronegativity

The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

Definition of Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Where the electronegativity between two atoms in a covalent bond are equal

Definition of Polar Covalent Bonds

Where the electronegativity between two atoms in a covalent bond are unbalanced, with one having more than the other, leading to an unequal sharing of electrons

Definition of Ionic Bonds

Bonds consisting between the differences of cations and anions

Definition of an Anion

An atom with a negative charge, meaning they have more electrons than protons

Definition of a Cation

An atom with a positive charge, meaning they have less electrons than protons

Definition of Hydrogen Bonds

the noncovalent attraction between a positive hydrogen and an electronegative atom

Do Nonpolar Bonds have a difference in charges: Y or N and why

Yes, because even small differences in electronegativity can cause a partial charge

Definition of Van der Waals Interactions

Randomness of nonpolar tiny charges in bonds that causes atoms to pack together

Two reptiles that usesVan der Waals Interactions to climb (reptile)

Geckos and Anoles

What does VSEPR Theory

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory

Definition of VSEPR Theory

A model used to predict the positions of electrons in chemistry, saying that electrons want to avoid each other in specific angles

Definition of a Chemical Change

Changes in the breaking or making of a chemical bond, leading to changes in the composition of matter

Definition of Reactants

Things used before a reaction

Definition of Products

Things used after a reaction

Definition of the Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter can neither be created nor destroyed

Definition of the Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

Definition of Chemical Equilibrium

Where concentrations are stable at a spefici ratio

What causes hydrogen bonds in water?

Polar covalent bonds in water

What four properties of water allow it to support life

Cohesion and Adhesion, Universal solvent, Thermal Properties, and the smaller density of Ice

Definition of Cohesion

Hydrogen Bonds holding water molecules together

Definition of Surface Tension

A result of cohesion, a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid

Definition of Adhesion

The clinging of one substance to another

How does water use adhesion?

Water uses adhesion because of it hydrogen bonds

How does cohesion and adhesion help water transport in plants (long answer doesnt have to be perfect just right idea)

The evaporation of water moves water up a plant stem or trunk through small conducting cells, which cause water to stick to each other because of cohesion, and the molecules don’t fall because of the polar walls of the cell, and this property is called adhesion.

Definition of Kinetic Energy

The Energy of Motion

Definition of Thermal Energy

The energy associated with reactions and movements of atoms or molecules

Definition of Temperature

The average kinetic energy in a body of matter regardless of volume and mass

What has more thermal energy, a pool at 50 degrees or a cup of coffee at a 120 degrees?

The Pool, thermal energy measures the total movement of atoms and molecules

Definition of Heat

Thermal energy in transfer from one body to another

What is a calorie?

A unit of measuring heat, the amount of heat it takes to heat up 1g of water by 1 degree celsius

What is a kilocalorie

The unit we use to measure energy in food, and the unit to measure heat, the amount of heat it takes to heat up a kg of water by 1 degree celsius

Specific Heat

Amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for that substance to change by 1 degree celsius for 1 gram

Why is specific heat useful for life? 2 reasons

Large bodies of water can absorb large amounts of heat from the sun without boiling, and can control the temperatures of areas around them, and organisms can resist temperature changes because they are mostly made of water

Definition of Heat of Vaporization

Quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted into a gas

Does water have a high heat of vaporization?

Yes, extremely high

Definition of Evaporative Cooling

When a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid becomes cooler because the hot molecules leave, and thus the temperature goes down

How is evaporative cooling important to life?

It contributes to the stability of the temperatures in bodies of water, animals use it to sweat, and others organisms use different methods to cool down (panting)

Is ice less dense than water and if yes then by what percent?

Yes, by around 9%

Why is ice less dense than water?

From 4 deg C. to 0 deg C. water starts to expand because the hydrogen bonds become rigid, causing them to form lattices where they bond to 4 molecules each, and the structure leaves empty spaces making ice about 10% less dense

Why is the density of ice important to life?

It prevents oceans from freezing solid, because ice creates a thick floating less dense sheet to insulate the water and organisms under it, and it provides habitats for polar creatures

Definition of Global Warming

The averag