Azhaan's Comprehensive AP European History Anchor List (HEHS)

Germ Theory

Mid-19th century (1850s)

Urban Planning

19th century, notably after the Industrial Revolution (circa 1800s)

Austro-Prussian War

1866

Franco-Prussian War

1870-1871

German unification

1871

The Crimean War

1853-1856

Age of Nationalism

19th century—specifically 1848 onward

French Third Republic

1870-1940

Start of 'New Imperialism'

Late 19th century (circa 1870s)

Berlin Conference

1884-1885

WWI

1914-1918

Bolshevik Revolution

1917

The Great Stock Market Crash

1929

The Great Depression

1930s

The invasion of Poland

1939

WWII

1939-1945

D-Day

June 6, 1944

Cold War

1947-1991

Hungarian Revolt

1956

Czechoslovakian revolt

1968

Solidarity Movement

1980s

Revolutions of 1989

1989

Collapse of the Soviet Union

1991

Treaty of Versailles

1919

Jeremy Bentham

Philosopher known for his advocacy of utilitarianism.

Edwin Chadwick

Social reformer concerned with health and sanitation.

Louis Pasteur

Pioneer in microbiology and vaccination; developed germ theory.

Georges Haussmann

Urban planner known for transforming Paris.

Emile Zola

Novelist associated with literary naturalism and social criticism.

Napoleon III

2nd French Empire

Cavour

Italian statesman considered a leading figure in the unification of Italy.

Garibaldi

National hero who played a key role in Italian unification.

Bismarck

Prussian statesman who unified Germany and implemented Realpolitik.

Tsar Alexander II

Elimination of serfdom, creates Zemstvos (local govts), seen as halfway measures as Zemstvos under control of Boyars and Serfs not given private ownership of land

Benjamin Disraeli

Reform Bill of 1884, universal male suffrage, unions

William Gladstone

Home Rule Bill for Ireland

Edward Bernstein

Political theorist associated with revisionist socialism.

Joseph Conrad

Novelists known for his works exploring imperialism and morality.

Rudyard Kipling

Author and poet, best known for his works about British imperialism.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

fires Bismarck, does not renew reinsurance treaty w/ Russia (France and Russia ally, Germany surrounded on 2 sides), loses WWI

Tsar Nicholas II

Loses to Japan, forced to create Duma, loses WWI, last Tsar of Russia.

Vladimir Lenin

Russian exile, funded by Germans to return to Russia and launch Bolshevik revolution, ends war with Germany via the Treaty of Brest

Leon Trotsky

Lenin’s right hand man

David Lloyd George

British PM who negotiated Versailles

Nietzsche

Philosopher known for his critique of traditional moral values.

Sartre

Philosopher and playwright, a leading figure in existentialism.

Monet

Famous painter, known for pioneering Impressionism.

Chamberlain

British Prime Minister associated with appeasement before WWII.

Gustav Stresemann

German Foreign Minister (1923-1929), moderate interwar leader

Leon Blum

French Prime Minister known for leading the Popular Front government.

Joseph Stalin

WW2, mass murderer

Mussolini

Italian dictator and founder of fascism.

Hitler

Leader of Nazi Germany and instigator of WWII.

Churchill

British Prime Minister known for his leadership during WWII.

Nikita Khrushchev

De Stalinization, sent the tanks into Hungary, Cuban Missile Crisis, “Peaceful Coexistence”

Gorbachev

Last leader of the Soviet Union known for reforms like Perestroika.

Walesa

Leader of Solidarity movement in Poland, later President.

Thatcher

British Prime Minister known for her conservative policies and economic reforms.

Klemens von Metternich

Arch-Conservative, concert of Europe

Louis Phillipe I

Last king of France

Sergei Witte

Russian Industrialist who builds factories and railways

Duma

Russian legislative assembly established after the 1905 Revolution.

Reform Bill of 1884

Legislation that expanded male suffrage in Britain.

Home Rule Bill for Ireland

Legislation aimed at granting Ireland self

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

ended wwi involvement for russia

Clemenceau

French PM end of of WW1, at Versailles

Francisco Franco

Fascist dictator of Spain

Konrad Adenauer

Chancellor of post war Germany, reconstruction of Germany

Leonid Breshnev

Sent in the tanks to Czechoslovakia

Alexander Dubcek

Czechoslovak reformer, failed

Willy Brandt

Chancellor of Germany, Detente, went to Poland

15th Century

The Renaissance, the New Monarchs (later in the century), the printing press

1492

Reconquista, Columbus, start of Columbian Exchange

Castiglione

Italian Humanist who wrote the “Book of the Courtier” which explains the type of humanism that learning centered on the Greco-Roman Classics. It said men’s education should be well rounded for a public life of service and a woman’s education should be to prepare for a domestic role at home

Pico della Mirandola

Italian humanist who wrote “On the Dignity of Man”. It explains how man has value, and worth because he is made in God’s image.

Machiavelli

Italian humanist who wrote “The Prince”. This explains how a prince should rule to “gain, maintain, and increase” his territory and that “The end justifies the means” and it is “better to be feared than loved”.

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian Renaissance artist who painted the “Mona Lisa” and the “Last Supper”

Michelangelo

Italian Renaissance artist who painted the “Sistine Chapel”

and sculpted the marble “David”.

Erasmus

Northern Renaissance humanist who wrote “In Praise of Folly”

which criticized the hypocrisy of the Catholic clergy. His goal was to reform

the Catholic church.

Thomas More

Northern Renaissance humanist who wrote “Utopia”. Which

criticized the greed in society. His story discussed a place where people had

no posessions or property and people just lived communally.

Charles VII

New monarch of France. He built the first National Army, won

the Hundred Years War, and raised taxes called the Taille(land) and Gabelle

(salt)

Henry VII

New monarch of England. He won the Hundred Years War and

established the Tudor Dynasty. He used the Court of the Star Chamber to

destroy the power of the Nobles.

Ferdinand and Isabella

New monarchs of Spain. They achieved the

Reconquista in 1492 which expelled the Jews and Moors. They also sent out

Columbus on a Western route to try to get to the East Indies.

Jan van Eyck

a Northern Renaissance artist who painted the “Wedding of

Arnolfini”. Which shows a common scene with ever day objects like a

chandelier, mirror, and a dog.

16th century

The Reformation, religious wars, age of exploration, price revolution, golden age of Spain/Hapsburgs

Banking capital of 16th century

Antwerp

1453

Turks conquer Constantinople

1517

Luther writes the 95 theses

1525

German Peasant Revolt

1527

Sack of Rome

1555

Peace of Augsburg

1588

Spanish Armada

1618

Start of thirty years war

1648

end of thirty years war

Martin Luther

he started the Protestant Reformation in the German States by writing the 95 Theses and starting the Luther Church.

Charles V

Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor who had numerous clashes with Protestants as a result of the Protestant Reformation. He led the Diet of Worms against Luther and lost the German Civil War.

John Calvin

He started the Protestant religion Calvinism which preached Predestination. He wrote the “Institutes of the Christian Religion.

Henry VIII

He started the Anglican Church in England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage for lack of a male heir.

Elizabeth I

She was a Protestant ruler of England and defeated the Spanish Armada.

Henry IV

He was a king of France who won the Religious War called the War of the 3 Henry’s as a Huguenot (Henry of Navarre). He converted to Catholicism and created the Edict of Nantes which granted religious toleration to the Huguenots.