BY-124L Kingdom Animalia II

Phylum Echinodermata

- Echinoderms

- water vascular system used for feeding, locomotion, respiration, and sensory perception

- Tube feet – small appendages along canal

- some can regenerate

Phylum Echinodermata Organization

- Tube in Tube body plan

- bilateral symmetry

- organ level organization

- deuterostome

- coelomate

Phylum Echinodermata - Class Crinoidea

- feather stars and sea lilies

- oldest and most primitive echinoderms

- mouthparts UPWARDS

Phylum Echinodermata - Class Asteroidea

- sea stars

- suckers on tube feet

- mouth pointed DOWNWARDS

- capable of regeneration

Phylum Echinodermata - Class Ophiuroidea

- Brittle Stars

- slender armed sea stars

Phylum Echinodermata - Class Holothuroidea

- Sea Cucumbers

- Defense mechanisms include evisceration(throws up guts)

Phylum Echinodermata - Class Echinoidea

- Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars

- Regular echinoids (urchins) have plates of same size and shape

- Irregular echinoids (sand dollars)have plates of different sizes and shapes

Phylum Hemichordata

- Acorn worms

- have 2/4 chordate characteristics

--- gills / pharyngeal gill slits

--- dorsal nerve cord

Phylum Hemichordata Organization

- tube in tube body plan

- bilateral symmetry

- organ level organization

- deuterostome

- coelomate

Phylum Chordata

- Chordates

- 4 characteristics:

-- Pharyngeal gill slits

-- Notochord

-- Muscular, post-anal tail

-- Dorsal, hollow nerve chord

Phylum Chordata Organization

- tube in tube body plan

- Bilateral Symmetry

- Organ-level organization

- Deuterostome

- Coelomate

- Segmented

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Urochordata

- Tunicates and Sea Squirts

- adults are sessile

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Cephalochordata

- Lancelets

- “Cephalo” = head

- all 4 chordate characteristics are present in adult

- Segmentation

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata

- vertebrates

- "Cranium" = brain box (cranium around brain)

- Backbone replaces the notochord during development

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Grouping Pisces - Class Myxini

- Hagfish

- Jawless fish

- Cartilaginous skeleton

- 2-chambered heart

- defense mechanism is to produce slime and tie body into a knot

Grouping Pisces - Class Cephalospidomorphi / Hyperoartia

- Lampreys

- jawless fish

- parasitic on fish

- cartilaginous skeleton

- 2 chambered heart

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes

- Gnathostomes = jaw-mouth

- JAWED FISHES – developed hinged jaws

- Have lateral line down body – used to detect vibrations in water

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes - Class Placodermi

- Armored Fish

- All are extinct

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes - Class Chondrichthyes

- Cartilaginous Fish – Sharks, Skates, Rays, Chimaeras

- Possess cloaca – common opening for urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems

- Internal fertilization:

-- Oviparous – eggs hatch OUTSIDE body

-- Ovoviviparous – has eggs but they hatch INSIDE body (“fake live birth”)

-- Viviparous – has physical connection to parent (REAL live birth)

- "Ovi” = egg; “Viv” = Live

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes - Class Osteichthyes

- Bony Fish

- Skeleton contains calcium– phosphate

- Possess an operculum gill covering

- 2-chambered heart

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes - Class Osteichthyes - Subclass Sarcopterygii

- Fleshy-finned fish (lobe-finned fish)

- Lungfish

- Tiktaalik - "amphibian-like" fish:

--- primitive lungs & ribs for breathing

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes - Class Osteichthyes - Subclass Actinopterygii

- Ray-finned fish

- Most common fish like goldfish, bass, catfish, trout, moray eel, sea horse

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes - (Grouping Tetrapoda) - Class Amphibia

- Amphibians

- 3-chambered heart

- ectothermic

- 4 limbs

- lungs

- water for reproduction

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes - (Grouping Tetrapoda) - Class Amphibia - Order Anura

- Frogs and Toads (Anura = no tail)

- Undergo metamorphosis --> little to no neoteny

- frogs: smooth, moist skin

- toads: more adapted for drier environments with bumpy, dry skin

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes - (Grouping Tetrapoda) - Class Amphibia - Order Urodela

- Salamanders and Newts

- Neoteny is the retention of juvenile characteristics as an adult

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes - (Grouping Tetrapoda) - Class Amphibia - Order Apoda

- Caecilians (apoda = no leg)

- Legless amphibians that look like giant worms

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes - (Grouping Tetrapoda) - Class Reptilia

- Reptiles

- Ectothermic

- 3 chambered heart

- Adaptations for land made by reptiles: amniotic egg

--- Amnion – protects the embryo from desiccation

--- Allantois – acts in waste removal

--- Chorion – acts in gas exchange

--- Yolk sac – provides food to the embryo

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes - (Grouping Tetrapoda) - Order Chelonia

- Turtles and Tortoises

- Turtles can be aquatic

- Tortoises are strictly terrestrial

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes - (Grouping Tetrapoda) - Class Reptilia - Order Rhychocephalia

- Tuatara

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes - (Grouping Tetrapoda) - Class Reptilia - Order Squamata

- Lizards and Snakes

- Snakes are highly adapted lizards that lost their legs

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes - (Grouping Tetrapoda) - Class Reptilia - Order Crocodilia

- Crocodiles, Alligators, Caimans and Gharials

- Crocodiles have a 4-chambered heart

- First signs of parental care

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes - (Grouping Tetrapoda) - Class Aves

- Birds

- 4 chambered heart

- Air sacs in lungs for better gas exchange

- Endothermic – able to maintain a constant bodytemperature due to heat from metabolism

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes - (Grouping Tetrapoda) - Class Mammalia

- Mammals

- 4-chambered heart

- Endothermic

- 3 bones of the middle ear: Malleus, incus, stapes

- Hair made from keratin

- Mammary glands, sweat glands (nipples)

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes - (Grouping Tetrapoda) - Class Mammalia - Order Monotremata

- Platypus and echidnas

- Primitive egg-laying mammals

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes - (Grouping Tetrapoda) - Class Mammalia - Order Marsupialia

- Kangaroos, opossums

- Give birth, but embryo is immature so it must complete development in the pouch

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Craniata - Gnathostomes - (Grouping Tetrapoda) - Class Mammalia - Grouping Placentals

- Advanced mammals, mother nourishes embryo via the placenta

Grouping Placentals - Order Artiodactyla

- Even-toed ungulates - sheep, cattle, pigs, deer

Grouping Placentals - Order Perissodactyla

- Odd-toed ungulates - Horses, zebras, rhinos

Grouping Placentals - Order Carnivora

- Cats, dogs, bears, wolves

Grouping Placentals - Order Cetacea

- Whales, dolphins

Grouping Placentals - Order Chiroptera

- bats

Grouping Placentals - Order Xenarthra

- sloths, armadillos, anteaters

Grouping Placentals - Order Eulipotyphla

- Moles and shrews

Grouping Placentals - Order Lagomorpha

- rabbits and hares

Grouping Placentals - Order Primates

- Monkeys, lemurs, apes, humans

Grouping Placentals - Order Proboscidea

- elephants

Grouping Placentals - Order Rodentia

- Beavers, squirrels, and porcupines

Grouping Placentals - Order Sirenia

- Manatees