Bones and joints

What is a joint?

a site where two or more bones meet

What are the three types of joint?

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

What differentiates cartilaginous and fibrous from synovial?

Fibrous and cartilaginous are solid joints without a cavity between bone elements

Types of fibrous joint?

suture (flat bones), syndesmosis (long bones), gomphosis (teeth)

What are types of cartilaginous joints?

symphysis (between two hip bones at pubis), synchondrosis (epiphyseal plate)

Describe nature and function of cartilaginous joints?

• fibrocartilage

• slightly movable

• shock absorbers

Types of movement of joints

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

What are synovial joints?

skeletal elements separated by a cavity

What are the six types of synovial joint?

unixial - hinge, pivot

biaxial - saddle, ellipsoid

multiaxial - ball and socket

non-axial - plane joint

What are the joints of the scapular?

sterno-clavicular

acromioclavicular

glenohumeral

What type of joint is the elbow?

compound hinge joint

• radiohumeral - capitellum of humerus and radial notch

• ulnohumeral - trochlea of humerus and trochlea notch

• olecranon fossa and process,

• coronoid fossa and process

What ligaments support the elbow joint?

ulnar and radial collateral ligaments

annular ligament of the radius

What movements do the Radioulnar joints allow?

pronation and supination

pivot joints

joined by annular ligament proximally

What separates the distal radioulnar joint from the wrist joint?

articular disc

What type of joint is the wrist joint? What are the articulations? What movements can the wrist perform?

synovial ellipsoid

articular disc to the radius articulates with three carpal bones

scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum

dorsiflexion, palmar flexion, ulnar and radial deviation

What ligaments support the wrist?

radio and ulnar collateral carpal ligaments

List the type of joints in the hand from more proximal to more distal

1st carpometacarpal - saddle joint

2nd - 5th carpometacarpal - plane joints

metacarpal-phalangeal - ellipsoid

interphalangeal - hinge joints

What type of joint is the hip joint?

ball and socket

What articulates in the hip joint? What supports the joint?

acetabulum of ischium, ilium and pubis that form cup for head of femur

contains hyaline lined acetabula rim and non-articulating acetabular fossa

inferior rim of acetabulum gap called a notch is completed by a transverse acetabular ligament

acetabular labrum attached to this ligament deepens the cavity

head of femur 2/3 of sphere

hyaline lined

muscles and ligaments support thick capsule

What type of joint is the knee? How does it articular?

complex hinge joint

femur condyles with tibia

when flexion - round edge of femur articulates with tibia

when extension - flat edge of femur articulates with tibia

patella and femur articular —> allow quadriceps muscle action by pulley mechanism

ligaments

lateral (fibular) and medial (tibial) collateral and anterior and posterior cruciate

anterior - lateral to medial meniscus

posterior - medial to lateral meniscus

What type of joint are the tibiofibular joints? What movement do they allow?

• some gliding for ankle joint movement - no supination or pronation

• plane synovial proximally

• fibrous syndesmosis distally

lateral ligaments

• anteriortalofibhular

• calcaeofibular

• posterior talofibular

Medial ligament

• fan-shaped and stronger

• from medial tibial malleolus to navicular and sustentaculum tali of calcaneus 

• not not usually rupture like the lateral ligaments but torn off

What is the articulation of the talocrural ankle joints?

tibia and fibula (laterally) with talus —> tight hinge joint for plantar and dorsiflexion

What movements are the subtalus and mid tarsal joints responsible for?

inversion and eversion

• subtalar with talus and calcaneus

• complex mid tarsal joint with talus, calcaneus, navicular —> calcaneus and cuboid