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BANK

Financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans

Primary Role of Banks

Ensure financial growth by investing depositors' money, earning interest, and providing loans that support businesses, the economy, and national development.

Design Considerations for Banks as Businesses

• Strategically located

• Easily accessible

• Safe and secure

3 Categories of Banks

• Commercial Banks

• Thrift Banks

• Credit Unions

2 Architectural classifications of Banks

• Head Office (includes the Main Branch)

• Branches

Why are bank branches strategically located

To provide convenient, accessible banking services to customers.

Bank branches require fewer offices and departments

Most services are handled directly by employees, allowing branches to operate with a small staff.

Architectural style traditionally associated with banks

• Neo-Classical Architecture

• Revival Style

Neo-Classical architecture used for banks

It conveys:

• Longevity

• Stability

• Security

• Trustworthiness

Bank architecture change during the mid-20th century

Banks adopted modern architecture using steel and glass, emphasizing progress, transparency, and innovation.

Architectural style most banks use today

Contemporary architecture, often in leased commercial spaces or newly built modern facilities.

Examples of Philippine banks with Neo-Classical architecture.

• China Banking Corporation (1923)

• Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (1922)

• Philippine National Bank (1916)

Trade

Basic economic concept involving the buying and selling of goods and services. Can take place within an economy between producers and consumers.

Market Segmentation

The practice of dividing your target market into approachable groups. Creates subsets of a market based on demographics, needs, priorities, common interests, and other psychographic or behavioral criteria used to better understand the target audience.

Key Benefits Of Market Segmentation

• Helps determine market opportunities

• Tailor-make marketing initiatives

• Product development and design

• Determine product pricing

Branding

The art and science of influencing perception about a product, service, or organization

SINCERITY (Elements of a Brand Personality)

• Honest

• Wholesome

• Down to earth

• Positive

EXCITEMENT (Elements of a Brand Personality)

• Lively

• Exciting

• Imaginative

• Daring

COMPETENCE (Elements of a Brand Personality)

• Reliable

• Hard-working

• Successful

• Intelligent

SOPHISTICATION (Elements of a Brand Personality)

• Luxurious

• Glamorous

• High-end

• Charming

RUGGEDNESS (Elements of a Brand Personality)

• Tough

• Outdoorsy

• Unconventional

• Adventurous

Colors in Branding

Emotions are powerful and drive our decision making. As a brand, businesses want to cultivate a strong emotional connection with their customers.

Yellow

• Warmth

• Optimism

• Happiness

Orange

• Youth

• Friendship

• Innovation

Red

• Love

• Energy

• Appetite

Green

• Food

• Nature

• Wealth

Purple

• Wisdom

• Royalty

• Creativity

Blue

• Trust

• Confidence

• Technology

Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) company

A BPO is a company that performs outsourced business operations, primarily handling the back-of-house functions of other businesses.

Business functions are commonly handled by BPOs

• Accounting

• Payment Operations

• Business Support

• Human Resources

• IT Services

• Regulatory Compliance

• Quality Assurance

• Outgoing Customer Calls

• Customer Assistance

Types of organizations commonly use BPO services

• Hospitals

• Architectural Offices

• Legal Offices

• Banks

• Airlines

• Various Businesses

General characteristics of BPO operations

• Operate 24/7

• Employ hundreds of workers

• Require multilingual employees

• Handle technical and operational work

Why are commercial buildings designed specifically for BPOs

Because BPOs require large office spaces, advanced technology infrastructure, and facilities that operate continuously.

What infrastructure is essential in a BPO building?

• Reliable telecommunications

• Stable Wi-Fi and Internet

• Stable electricity supply

• Backup power systems

Typical office layout of a BPO?

Large open-plan workspaces filled with rows of computer workstations.

Standard BPO workstation

• Computer monitor

• Keyboard

• Computer processor (CPU)

Amenities are commonly found in BPO offices?

• Rest areas

• Sleeping rooms

• Dormitories

• Spa

• Gym

• Game rooms

• Movie room

• Smoking area

• Shower area

Why do many commercial buildings host multiple BPO companies?

To maximize rentable office space and efficiently accommodate several tenants.

What facilities may be provided in BPO buildings?

• Leisure facilities

• Accommodation

• Entertainment spaces

• Shared amenities

Key building features of a BPO office

• Backup electricity

• Reliable telecommunications

• High-speed Wi-Fi and Internet

• High ceilings

• Suspended or raised flooring systems

Contemporary architecture most suitable for BPO buildings

Modern, flexible, functional, and easily adaptable to changing technology and workplace requirements.

Structural Systems

In building construction, the particular method of assembling and constructing structural elements of a building so that they support and transmit applied loads safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable stresses in the members

Building Framing Types

• Wall-Bearing

• Reinforced concrete

• Structural steel

• Tensile Structures

• Combination

Wall-Bearing

Carries the load of floors and roof above in addition to its own weight.

Drywall

Interior wall is applied in a dry condition without the use of mortar. It contrasts with the use of plaster, which dries after application.

Reinforced Concrete

Freestanding columns braced by horizontal beams a each floor level. Usually are formed on the job and are poured floor by floor as the structure rises. An ideal building material for structures because it is naturally fireproof and does not require any additional fire protection measures. Important in high-rise structures.

Structural Steel Framing Materials

• Metal Furring (Ceiling)

• C-channe/ metal studs (drywall)

• I-beams

• Wide Flanges

Combination

Simpler building types often consist of a combination of framing types. It is not uncommon for one- or two-story structures to have exterior walls that consist of wall-bearing masonry, while the interior supports are all steel columns with steel beams.

Tensile sturctures

Fabrics used in this type of system carry loads generated only from tension. While the structural supporting elements in the system carry all of the compression loads.

Monolith

Usually are solid and stable and tend to reduce sound and vibration transmission problems.

Precast Concrete

Have the advantages of quick erection in all types of weather, a higher probability of quality control because of their shop-based manufacturing approach, and the same solid noise-reducing characteristics as monolithic concrete floors.

Steel Systems

Consist of lightweight steel joints or trusses with steel decking spot-welded to them,

Composite Systems

Combination of 2 or more systems

Solid Masonry Wall

Facings of brick and native stone, with a backup material made of either concrete block or lightweight cinder masonry units.

Curtain Wall

Describe any exterior wall suspended from floor to floor on the structural frame of the building. A curtain wall system is exactly the opposite of a wall-bearing system in that it is supported by the structure and does not carry and dead-load.

Precast Wall

Constructed by casting concrete in a reusable wall mold or form which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place. The main function is to speed up the construction process.

Commercial Architecture

The design of buildings and facilities primarily for trade, commerce, retail, and professional services.

Scope of Commercial Architecture

• Designs buildings for trade and commerce

• Studies retail trends

• Explores business operations

• Investigates consumer psychology and behavior

• Facilitates business operations

Two Classifications of Commercial Architecture

• Retail

• Service

Retail Characteristics

• Sells physical goods

• Products displayed or stored as inventory

• Customers access products directly or with assistance

• Staffed or self-service

• Exchange of money for goods

• Competes with similar stores

• Often uses thematic and flashy architecture

Service Characteristics

• Professional or specialized work

• Office-based services

• May require specialized equipment

• Waiting and consultation areas

• Public and restricted spaces

• Strong business identity

• Architecture conveys dignity and respectability

Retail Locations

• High Streets

• Commercial Streets

• Shopping Centers

• Shopping Malls

• Commercial Areas

Service Locations

• Beside retail establishments

• Business districts

• Central Business Districts (CBDs)

Human Behavior in Retail

Understanding customer behavior, including differences in shopping habits between men and women.

Magnet Stores (Anchor Stores)

Large, well-known stores strategically placed to attract customers and increase foot traffic.

Foot Traffic

The movement and flow of customers through a commercial space.

Back-of-House Operations

• Deliveries

• Security

• Janitorial services

• Building management

• Air quality

• Temperature control

Vertical Access

Movement between floors using:

• Elevators

• Escalators

Thematic Concept

A consistent architectural and interior design theme that strengthens branding and customer experience.

Important Components of a Shopping Mall

• Department Store

• Cinema

• Grocery

• Parking

• Anchor Stores

• Special Features

Crowd Control

Designing circulation and spaces to safely manage large numbers of people.

Commercial Rentable Space

The leasable area that generates income for the building owner.

Mall Regulations & Restrictions

Rules governing tenant operations, design standards, signage, safety, and business activities.

Floor-to-Floor Ratio

The vertical distance between one finished floor and the next, affecting building services and usable space.

Building Core

The central service zone containing elevators, stairs, toilets, mechanical systems, and utilities.

Branding & Identity

The architectural design and appearance that communicate a business's image and make it recognizable.

Environmentally Conscious Architecture

• Addresses climate change

• Reduces environmental impact

• Uses sustainable building techniques

• Lowers building carbon footprint

Challenges & Trends in Commercial Architecture

Modern commercial architecture focuses on sustainability, flexibility, technology, user experience, and social responsibility.

Sustainable Design Strategies

• Water-saving systems

• Energy-efficient appliances

• Better insulation

• Reduced carbon emissions

Circular Economy

A construction model that minimizes waste by recycling and reusing materials throughout a building's life cycle.

Recycling & Reusing in Architecture

• Cradle-to-cradle design

• Reuse waste materials

• Efficient resource use

• Recycled finishes and coatings

• Materials from industrial waste

Renovation Instead of Demolition

• Reuse existing buildings

• Preserve architectural heritage

• Transform old structures into modern spaces

• Add new value while respecting history

Using Local Materials

• Uses local resources

• Supports traditional construction

• Reduces transportation impact

• Considers long-term environmental effects

Inclusive Architecture

Design that accommodates people of all ages and abilities, creating accessible, adaptable, and welcoming environments.

Renewed Focus on Public Space

• Social interaction

• Community engagement

• Shared amenities

• Walkable outdoor spaces

Examples of Shared Public Spaces

• Shared kitchens

• Laundry rooms

• Day-care centers

• Parks

• Leisure spaces

• Community gathering areas

Inclusion of Shapes

Modern commercial architecture uses:

• Organic forms

• Clean lines

• Open spaces

• Unique and unexpected shapes inspired by nature

Natural Light and Glass

Modern buildings maximize:

• Natural lighting

• Glass facades

• Open concepts

• Seamless integration between windows and architecture

Unconventional Materials

Uses:

• Eco-friendly materials

• 3D printing

• Plastics

• Innovative construction materials

Digital Signage

Digital displays integrated into building design for:

• Branding

• Real-time updates

• Modern appearance

• Interactive communication

Climate Change in Architecture

Drives sustainable design, energy efficiency, and environmentally responsible construction.

Cradle-to-Cradle Design

A circular design approach where materials are continually reused instead of discarded.

Building Rehabilitation

Renovating and adapting existing buildings instead of demolishing them.

Open-Concept Design

Large, flexible spaces with minimal barriers that encourage adaptability and collaboration.

The 13 Trends in Commercial Architecture

1. Environmentally Conscious Architecture

2. Recycling & Reusing (Circular Economy)

3. Renovation Instead of Demolition

4. Using Local Materials

5. Inclusive Architecture

6. Quality Over Quantity

7. Renewed Focus on Public Space

8. Inclusion of Shapes

9. Natural Light & Glass

10. Unconventional Materials

11. Digital Signage

12. Exterior & Interior Branding Fluidity

13. Opening Up the Interior

Department Store

A retail establishment that offers wide variety of consumer goods organized into specialized departments

History of Department Stores

• Emerged in the mid-19th century

• Changed shopping habits

• Redefined retail service and luxury

Characteristics of Department Stores

• Located in major cities

• One-stop shopping destination

• Wide product selection

• Specialized sales representatives

• Convenient shopping experience

Consignment System

Products owned by another retailer are displayed and sold within the department store, often in dedicated booths or retail spaces.

Typical Department Store Floor Arrangement

• Ground Floor – Cosmetics & Women's Fashion

• 2nd Floor – Women's Fashion

• 3rd Floor – Men's Department

• 4th Floor – Children's Department & Toys

• 5th Floor – Specialized Sections

• 1st Basement – Food Hall

• 2nd Basement – Home Furnishing & Appliances