LEAPES

Pesticide treadmill effect

The cycle where overuse of pesticides creates resistant pests, leading to more pesticide use.

Pros of clear cutting

Efficient and cost-effective method of logging.

Cons of clear cutting

Causes soil erosion, increased temperatures, flooding and landslides.

Saltwater Intrusion

When excessive pumping of groundwater near the coast lowers the water table, allowing saltwater to seep into the groundwater.

Contour plowing

Plowing parallel to land slopes to prevent runoff and soil erosion by creating mini terraces.

Terracing

Cutting flat platforms into steep slopes to catch water and prevent runoff.

Perennial crops

Crops that live year-round and have deeper roots to prevent soil erosion.

Wind breaks

Trees or plants used to block wind and reduce topsoil erosion.

No till farming

Leaving crop residues on the soil to maintain nutrients and prevent erosion.

Intercropping (strip cropping)

Planting dense crops alongside less dense ones to prevent soil erosion.

Inefficiency of meat production - Energy

High energy required to grow, harvest plants for feed and maintain animals.

Inefficiency of meat production - Land

Large space taken up by animals in addition to growing food for them.

Inefficiency of meat production - Water

Water required for crops and for animals to drink.

Benefits of crop rotation

Prevents pests and weeds by disrupting their growth cycle.

Selective cutting

The practice of removing only certain trees to preserve habitat and resources.

Clearcutting

Removing all trees and vegetation from an area.

Pros of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Reduces harm to non-target species and contamination from pesticides.

Cons of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Can be more time-consuming and expensive than traditional pesticide methods.

Urbanization

The process of converting natural landscapes into urban areas.

Drawbacks of urbanization

Increases runoff, CO2 emissions, urban sprawl, and blight.

Consequences of urban runoff

Decreases groundwater recharge and increases pollutants in bodies of water.

Remediation methods for urban runoff

Includes permeable pavement, rain gardens, and public transit to reduce runoff.

Pros of CAFOs (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations)

Maximizes land use and profit while minimizing meat cost for consumers.

Cons of CAFOs (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations)

High waste production and increased greenhouse gas emissions.

Mine reclamation steps

Includes filling mine shafts, restoring land contours, and replanting native plants.

Pros of pesticide use

Increases agricultural yield and profits with fewer lost plants.

Cons of pesticide use

Runoff can harm non-target species and contaminate water.

Benefits of aquaculture

Requires less water and space, reducing the risk of fishery collapse.

Drawbacks of aquaculture

High waste concentrations and disease risks in dense fish populations.

Human population and resource depletion

As population grows, resource depletion increases due to unsustainable harvesting.

Effects of clear cutting

Leads to soil erosion, flooding, and loss of carbon storage.

Tragedy of the Commons (ToC)

When public resources are overused due to lack of ownership and accountability.

Fire suppression

The practice of extinguishing natural forest fires immediately to prevent damage.

Prescribed burns

Controlled burns to reduce biomass and promote nutrient recycling.