MEDI212

What is the definition of normal state

range of normal state or average

What is the definition of disease

deviation from the normal state of health i.e. homeostasis cannot be maintained

What is the definition of pathophysiology

the study of functional or physiological changes in the body that result from disease process

What is the definition of pathology

the laboratory study of cell & tissue changes associated with disease

what is the 5 steps in the disease process

aetiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, clinical manifestations, characteristics of disease & progression of disease, and diagnosis and clinical course & treatment and recovery

what is the definition of aetiology

causative factors

what are the 3 broad categories of aetiology

genetic, acquired, multi-factorial

what are some genetic examples of aetiology

cystic fibrosis, familial hypercholesterolaemia

what are some acquired examples of aetiology

chemical related - e.g. smoking and alcohol related diseases

biological agents - e.g. bacteria, viruses

physical forces - e.g. trauma, radiation

nutritional excesses and deficits - e.g. energy excess leads to obesity

what are multi-factorial aetiology

variety of factors lead to disease - most disease

what is the definition of idiopathic

cause of disease is unkown

what is the definition of iatrogenic

treatment, procedure, or error may cause a disease e.g. catheter - UTI

what is the definition of predisposing factors

promote development of disease

what is the definition of prevention of disease

closely linked to aetiology e.g. vaccines, dietary modifications

what is the definition of pathogensis

sequence of events at a cellular level/tissue level from initial "aetiologic event" until known disease. not about cause but describes diagnosis of symptomns before the disease is diagnosed

what is the definition of morphology

morphological changes relate to a structural cell or tissue changes characteristic of disease

how are morphological changes most commonly identified

by histology under a microscope

what is the definition of signs

obvious to someone other than the subject e.g. fever, skin rash

what is the definition of symptomns

subjective feelings e.g. pain, nausea

what is the definition of lesion

describes a specific local change in the tissue

what is the definition of syndrome

collections of signs & symptoms that occur together

what is the definition of epidemiology

the science of tracking the pattern or occurence of disease

what is the definition of prevalence of disease

indicates the number of cases of a disease that are present in a population at a specific time

what is the definition of incidence of disease

indicates the number of new cases within a given time period

what is the definition of epidemics

many cases of infectious disease within a given area

what is the definition of pandemics

high number of cases in several areas

what is the definition of acute disease

sudden illness

what is the definition of chronic disease

milder but long-term

what is the definition of subclinical state

pathological changes have occurred but no manifestations

what is the definition of manifestations

clinical evidence, signs & symptomns

different types of onset of disease

may be sudden, obvious, acute, or insidious

what is the definition of insidious

gradual progression with only vague or mild signs

what is the definition of latent stage

"silent stage" - no clinical signs e.g. incubation period - infectious disease

what is the definition of prodromal period

early development of disease

what is the definition of remissions

manifestations subside

what is the definition of exacerbations

the signs increase

what is the definition of a precipitation factor

a condition that triggers an acute episode e.g. seizure or a mild heart attack

what is the definition of complications

new secondary or additional problems that arise after the original disease begins - e.g. heart attack -> congestive heart failure

what is the definition of diagnosis

identification of illness or condition. a process where signs, symptoms, family history, oral and physical examination, laboratory tests etc. derive at a conclusion

what is the definition of clinical course of disease

progression of a disease over time including the speed of changes, the sequence of events, and how long it takes

what is the definition of therapy or therapeutic inteventions

promote recovery e.g. surgery, drugs, dietary modifications

what is the definition of sequelae

potential outcome of the primary disease e.g. scar tissue & its effects

what is the definition of convalescence

period of recovery & return to normal healthy state

what is the definition of prognosis

probability of recovery

what is the definition of morbidity

indicates disease rates within a group

what is the definition of mortality

number of deaths resulting from a disease

5 main disciplines of pathology

- Histopathology
- Hematology
- Chemical Pathology
- Microbiology
- Immunology

what is the definition of histopathology

study of diseases from the perspective of structural, particularly histological, abnormalities of cells & tissues

what is the definition of haematology

study of primary diseases of the blood, as well as the effects of other diseases on the blood

what is the definition of chemical pathology

biological abnormalities in the blood, urine, and other tissues

what is the definition of microbiology

isolating, identifying, and treating infections by bacteria, fungi, viruses & parasites

what is the definition of immunopathology

analysis of the immune function - what cells are responding in what way to a disease?

what are some common diagnostic tests

imaging technology or radiology e.g. radiography, x-ray, CT, ultrasound, MRI

what does nuclear scanning reveal

stress fracture, fracture, infection, or cancer in the bone or joints

how does a nuclear scan work

after injection of the trace, the patient will be asked to drink plenty of fluid

how long after injection of tracer will a nuclear scan take place

2 or more hours after

how long will a whole body nuclear scan tan

about an hour

types of common diagnostic tests

blood tests, urine tests, cerebrospinal fluid tests, faecal tests, microbiological tests, endoscopic examination

what is the definition of gastroscopy

can only see from mouth through to first part of small intestines

what is the definition of colonsocopy

can see from anus through to the last part of small intestine

what is a pill camera

the size of a large capsule, takes lots of pictures, captured on belt, computer analysed

what happens to blood after it is collected into blood tubes

seperated into the watery part (plasma) and cellular part (red blood cells) by centriguation

what is the definition of haematocrit

volume of packed red blood cells to total blood volume

what is the definition of plasma and serum

water part of blood

what is the definition of plasma

anticoagulant was used and will contain clotting factors like fibrinogen

what is the definition of serum

no anticoagulant was used and the blood clots will not contain fibrinogen

what is the definition of haematologic testing

complete blood count e.g. anaemias, leukemias

when are white blood cell differential counts used

allergic reactions

when are bone marrow aspirations used

megaloblastic anaemia, leukemia

what are some blood clotting tests

prothrombin time, fibrinogen levels

what is used in laboratories to do blood chemistry testing

automated analysers e.g. Konelab autoanalyser

what is the definition of polyuria

production of excessive amounts of urine

when might polyuria occur

hormonal or metabolic disorders like diabetes or damage to the glomeruil

what is the definition of oliguria

urine volume 50-500 ml/day

what is the definition of anuria

urine volume 0-50 ml/day

what might anuria indicate

serious kidney problems & potential renal failure

what is routine urinalysis used for

to check the physical and chemical characteristics of a freshly collected urine sample

physical examination of urine

appearance - cloudy?
colour - yellow?
odour - adromatic

what is the specific gravity of urine

1.005-1.030

what does specifc gravity of urine show

the ability of the kidney's to concentrate or dilute urine to clear waste from the plasma

what is the definition of specific gravity

the ratio of weight of substance to that of an equal volume of water

can adults and children concentrate urine the same

no - adults better

if you are dehydrated the specific gravity of your urine will ....

increase

what is the effect of increase ADH production on specific gravity

will increase

what does ADH do in regards to urine

causes the kidneys to absorb more water - decreasing the volume of urine produced

what is the effect of diabetes on specific gravity of urine

will decrease

normal pH range of urine

4.6-8.0 (usually 5-6)

what is the definition of haematuria

presence of rbc in urine

what may harmaturia indicate

bleeding from the kidneys or conducting system due to damage to kidneys/conducting system, very common in UTIs

what is the definition of proteinuria

presence of protein in urine

what may proteinuria indicate

common in pregnancy, all forms of renal disease

if you had hematuria & proteinuria together, what would that indicate?

leaky kidneys or kidney damage

what is the definition of haemoglobinuria

prsence of Hb in urine

what may presence of ketones in urine indicate

diabetes or starvation

what may presence of glucose in urine indicate

diabetes

should leukocytes be present in urine

no

what is the definition of pyuria

pus in urine - infection in urinary tract

what is the definition of bacteriuria

nitrite forming bacteria in the urine

normal % water in females

50-55

normal % water in males

55-60