BIO181 A&P FINAL EXAM REVIEW

Anatomy

The study of a structure

Physiology

The study of the function

Unity of form and function

Physiology is what leads to anatomy and anatomy is what makes physiology possible

Dissection

Cutting and separating of the tissue

Cadvar

A dead human body

Comparative anatomy

the study of multiple species to examine similarities and differences whilst analyzing evolutionary trends

Gross anatomy

Structure you can see with the naked eye, observation, radiology, or dissection

Histology

Microscopic anatomy

Histopathology

Microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

Cytology

The study of structure and function of individual cells

Robert Hooke

The first to see and name cells

Antony van Leewenhook

Invented a microscope with much greater magnification (200x); examined many microorganisms under the scope; father of microbiology

Matthias Schleiden (botanist) & Theodor Schwann (zoologist)

Concluded that all organisms were composed of cells

Cell Theory

All functions of the body are now interpreted as the effect of cellular activity

Scientific Method

Formulaic observational procedures, with disciplined creativity, logical thinking, and honest analysis of one's observation and conclusion

Inductive Method

Making numerous observations until feeling confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them

Hypothesis

And educated speculation or possible answer to a question

- A good hypothesis must be (1) consistent with what is already known and (2) capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence

Fasiability

When we claim sometime to be scientifically truth, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong

Fact

Is information that can be independently verified by any trained person

Law of Nature

Is a generalization about the predictable way in which matter and energy behave; based on repeated and confirmed observations

Charles Darwin

Biologist that published a book on how natural selection adapted the body to its ancestral habitat

Evolution

The change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms

Natural selection

A species has hereditary advantages over their competitors; they pass these advantages on to their offspring and such characteristics become more and more common in successive generations.

Selection pressures

Natural forces that promote the reproductive success

Adaptations

Features of anatomy and physiology, and behavior that evolves in response to this selection and enable an organism to cope with the challenges of its environment

Organism

Is a single, complete individual

Organ System

Is a group of organs with a unique collective function; The human body has 11 of them

RUN MRS. LIDEC

Organ

Is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function

Tissue

A mass of similar cells and cell products that form a discrete region of an organ and performs specific functions

Cells

The smallest unit of an organism that carry out all basic functions of life; Nothing smaller than this is considered alive

Organelles

Microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions

Molecules

Is a particle composed of at least two atoms

Atom

Smallest particles with unique chemical identities

Organization

Expenditure of a great deal of energy to maintain order

Cellular composition

Living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells

Metabolism

Environmental and chemical molecules changing into molecules that form their own structure and provide them with energy

Responsiveness and movement

The ability to sense and react to stimuli

Homeostatsis

The individual maintains relatively stable internal conditions

Growth and development

Development is the change in form or function over the lifetime of an organism

Reproduction

Living organisms produce copies of themselves, thus passing on genes to their offspring

Negative feedback

A process in which the body sense a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it

Positive feedback

A self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction

Physiological gradient

A difference in chemical concentrations, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another

Down the gradient

A higher value to the point a lower value

Trunk

A part of the axial region divided into thoracic region abdominal region

Extremity

Legs and arms

Dorsal

toward the back or spine

Posterior

Toward the dorsal side

Ventral

toward the front

Anterior

Toward the ventral side

Lateral

Away from the median plane

Median (midsagittal) plane

the middle of the sagittal plane

Sagittal plane

the line that passes through the body dividing it into left and right planes

Medial

Toward the median plane

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment

Superior

above

Inferior

below

Superficial

closer to the surface of the body

Deep

Further from the body surface

Anatomical positions

descriptions of any region or part of the human body includes standard position of references

Used because you can't be too vague when giving medical directions

parasagittal plane

LOWER (Legs) lines dividing the body into left and right

Midsagittal plane

The mid region that divides the body into left and right

Frontal

The line that divides the into anterior (front) and posterior (back)

Transverse

The line that passes horizontally into superior (upper)and inferior (lower) portions

Oblique

slanting or sloping; not straightforward or direct

Cranial cavity

is enclosed by the cranium and contains the viscera the brain

Spinal (vertebral) cavity

is enclosed by the vertebral column (spine) and contains the viscera the spinal cord

Thoracic cavity

superior to the diaphragm

Mediastinum

region extending between the lungs, extending from base of the neck to the diaphragm

Pericardial cavity

heart

Pleural cavity

Lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity

digestive organs, spleen, kidneys

Pelvic cavity

Urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs, and urethra

Serous membrane

a lubricating film of moisture similar to blood serum that lines both the abdominopelvic cavity and the thoracic cavity

Parietal peritoneum

lines the cavity wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

Visceral peritoneum

covering outer surfaces of the abdominopelvic; and holds organs into place

Cell

Smallest living organism, that is made up of organelles

A system

A group of organs with a unique collective function

Reproductive system

Male Function; production and delivery of the sperm and secretions of sex hormones

Females Functions; Production of eggs and site of fertilization of egg and fetal development, and fetal nourishment and birth and secretions of sex hormones

Reproductive organs

Male principal organs - Testes, epidemies, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, penis

Female principal organs - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands

Urinary system

Functions; elimination of waste, regulation of blood volume and pressure, stimulation of red blood cell formations, control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, detoxification

Urinary organs

Principal organs; kidneys, ureters, urinary, bladders, urethra

Nervous system

Functions; rapid internal, communication, coordination, motor control, and sensation

Nervous system organs

Principal organs; Skeletal muscles

Respiratory system

Functions; Absorptions of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid - base balance, speech

Respiratory system organs

Principal organs; Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Skeletal system

Functions; Support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte and acid - base balance

Skeletal organs

Principal organs; bones, cartilage, ligaments

Lymphoid system

Recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease

Lymphoid organs

Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils

Integumentary system

Protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communications

Integumentary organs

skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands

Digestive system

Nutrient breakdown and absorption, liver functions that include metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma proteins, disposal of waste, toxins, drugs and hormones, and cleansing of blood

Digestive organs

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, small and large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Endocrine system

hormone production, internal chemical communication and coordination

Endocrine organs

pituitary glands, pineal glands, pancreas, parathyroid gland, thyroid gland, thymus, testes, ovaries

Circulatory system

Distributions of nutrients, oxygen, waste, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells and antibodies, fluid acid- and base balance

Circulatory organs

Heart and blood vessels