The Endocrine System

These flashcards cover key concepts about the endocrine system, its organs, hormones, and their functions.

What is the fundamental function of the endocrine system?

To release specialized chemical messengers called hormones.

What are the two key hormones produced by the hypothalamus?

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

Often called the master gland, it releases hormones in response to hormones from the hypothalamus.

Name two hormones produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Thyroid stimulating hormone and growth hormone.

What is the primary hormone produced by the pineal gland?

Melatonin.

What hormones do the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla produce?

Cortex produces cortisol and aldosterone; medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.

What is the main hormone released by the pancreas and what does it do?

Insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels.

What hormone do the parathyroid glands secrete and what is its function?

Parathyroid hormone, which increases blood calcium levels.

What type of hormones are derived from amino acids?

Amino acid derivatives.

How do hormones exert their effects on target cells?

By binding to specific receptors on their surface.

What is negative feedback in the context of the endocrine system?

A response that opposes the original stimulus to maintain homeostasis.

What is the primary role of the thymus gland?

Secretes thymosins, promoting development and maturation of lymphocytes.

Which hormone does the heart secrete and what is its role?

Atrial natriuretic peptide, which helps regulate blood pressure and volume.

What hormone is involved in the fight-or-flight response?

Epinephrine.

What is the function of the antidiuretic hormone?

Promotes reabsorption of water in the kidneys.

What hormones do the ovaries secrete?

Estrogen and progesterone.

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining a constant internal stable state in the body.

How do the kidneys contribute to hormonal regulation?

They secrete erythropoietin and calcitriol.

What is the role of leptin?

Acts as a satiety signal to suppress appetite.