lifespan exam 1

Baltes principles

Lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, contextual, multidisciplinary, history/culture influenced

Physical Development

Changes in body growth, brain development, motor skills, and health

Cognitive Development

Changes in thinking, problem solving, memory, and language

Psychosocial Development

Changes in emotions, personality, social relationships, and social skills

Infancy Stage (Erikson)

Trust vs. Mistrust; virtue is Hope

Toddler Stage (Erikson)

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt; virtue is Will

Moro Reflex

Startle reflex in infants; disappears by 5–6 months

Rooting Reflex

Infant reflex of turning head toward cheek stimulation; disappears by 4 months

Tonic Neck Reflex

“Fencing position” reflex when head is turned; disappears by 5–7 months

Babinski Reflex

Reflex where toes fan when sole of foot is stroked; disappears by 12 months

Head Control on Tummy

Infant can lift head at about 2 months

Head Control Without Support

Infant holds head steady, grasps toys, and brings hands to mouth at about 4 months

Rolling Front to Back

Infant can roll at 4–6 months

Sitting Independently

Infant can sit upright without support at 6–8 months

Raking and Transferring Objects

Infant can rake food and pass objects hand to hand at 6–7 months

Pincer Grasp

Ability to pinch small objects with thumb and forefinger; emerges around 9 months

Pulling to Stand and Cruising

Infant pulls up and cruises along furniture at 9–12 months

Drinking from Cup, Clapping, Waving

Infant develops these skills at about 12 months

Walking with Support and Self-Feeding

Infant should be walking with support and finger-feeding by 12 months

Independent Walking, Scribbling, Spoon Use

Child achieves these skills around 15–18 months

Car Seat Placement

Infants ride in a rear-facing car seat in the back seat

Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)

Stage from birth to 2 years where infants learn through senses and motor actions

Object Permanence

Understanding that objects exist even when not visible; develops around 8–12 months

Primary Circular Reactions

Repetitive behaviors focused on the infant’s own body (1–4 months)

Secondary Circular Reactions

Repetitive behaviors involving objects or people (4–8 months)

Tertiary Circular Reactions

Trial-and-error exploration and variation of actions (12–18 months)

Deferred Imitation

Piaget’s term for reproducing a previously observed behavior after a delay

Toilet Training Strategies

Consistency, positive reinforcement, readiness cues, and patience

Major Task of Toddlerhood

Developing autonomy while parents provide guidance and boundaries

Infant Toys

Examples include rattles and soft stuffed animals

Toddler Toys

Examples include shape sorters and push-pull toys

Foods to Avoid for Toddlers

Grapes, hot dogs, popcorn, and hard candies due to choking risk

Temper Tantrums

Caused by frustration, lack of vocabulary, or struggle for independence

Time-Out Duration

One minute per year of age

Appetite Fluctuations

Extreme day-to-day changes in toddler appetite are called food jags

Early Childhood Stage (Erikson)

Initiative vs. Guilt; virtue is Purpose

Fast Mapping

Rapid vocabulary expansion in which children quickly learn new words after minimal exposure

Enuresis

Repeated involuntary urination, especially at night (bedwetting)

Sleep at 12 Months

About 12–14 hours per day including naps

Preschooler Toys

Examples include dress-up clothes and building blocks

Handedness

Clear preference for right or left hand becomes evident by age 3

Bedtime Bottle Risk

Sending a child to bed with milk or juice increases risk of dental caries and ear infections

First Dental Visit

The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry recommends the first visit by 1 year of age

Leading Cause of Death (Under 5)

Accidents, especially unintentional injuries

Centration

Tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others

Transductive Reasoning

Linking two unrelated events because they occur close in time

Irreversibility

Piaget’s term for the failure to understand that an operation can be reversed

Pretend Play Preference

True; five-year-olds prefer pretend play over solitary play with toys

Scaffolding

Temporary support from an adult to help a child master a skill within their learning capacity

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Vygotsky’s concept of the difference between what a child can do independently and what they can do with help

Moral Development (Kohlberg)

Early childhood is the stage of developing gender awareness and moral reasoning based on external consequences

Solitary Play

Independent play without interaction with other children

Parallel Play

Children play side by side without direct interaction but with awareness of each other

Authoritarian Parenting

Parenting style emphasizing strict obedience and control with little warmth

Authoritative Parenting

Parenting style combining warmth and respect for individuality with reasonable limits and expectations

Sleep at 12 Months

About 12–14 hours per day including naps

Preschooler Toys

Examples include dress-up clothes and building blocks

Handedness

Clear preference for right or left hand becomes evident by age 3

Bedtime Bottle Risk

Sending a child to bed with milk or juice increases risk of dental caries and ear infections