bios242 week 4 (unit 5) questions #2

These flashcards cover developmental milestones, psychosocial stages (Erikson), cognitive stages (Piaget), health promotion, and family dynamics for school-aged children, adolescents, and adults (young, middle, and older) based on the lecture transcript.

What physical markers define the beginning and end of the school-aged period (6 to 12 years)?

Physiologically, it begins with the shedding of the first deciduous teeth and ends at puberty with the acquisition of the final permanent teeth.

Approximately what percentage of school-aged children in the United States struggle with obesity?

Approximately $20\%$ of all school-aged children.

According to the CDC (2024b), how much physical activity do school-aged children need daily?

At least $60\,\text{minutes}$ of age-appropriate physical activity.

What are examples of age-appropriate activities for children aged 6–9 years?

Board games, jump rope, collections, bicycles, team sports, and hopscotch.

What are examples of age-appropriate activities for children aged 9–12 years?

Crafts, reading, hobbies, small piece puzzles, video games, team sports, and musical instruments.

Which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development applies to the school-aged child?

Industry versus inferiority.

According to Piaget, what the cognitive developmental stage for school-aged children?

Concrete operational thinking (children begin to develop an understanding of relationships between things and ideas and can make judgments based on reasoning).

What two specific cognitive skills must school-aged children master according to Piaget?

Conservation and classification skills.

At what age is scoliosis screening recommended for females?

Ages $10$ and $12\,\text{years}$.

At what age is scoliosis screening recommended for males?

Once at age $13$ or $14\,\text{years}$.

In the BMI-for-age weight status categories, what percentile is considered 'Obese'?

Equal to or greater than the $95\text{th}$ percentile.

In the BMI-for-age weight status categories, what percentile range defines 'Normal weight'?

$5\text{th}$ to less than the $85\text{th}$ percentile.

What is the leading cause of death in school-aged children?

Unintentional injury.

Until what height or age should children remain in a child restraint seat or booster seat?

Until $4\,\text{feet}\,9\,\text{inches}$ tall or between $8\text{--}12\,\text{years}$ of age.

What physical changes occur to the heart and blood pressure during puberty?

Heart size and systolic blood pressure increase.

During puberty, what percentage of total height is typically achieved?

$20\text{--}25\%$ of total height.

What specific nutrients increase in need during adolescence to support skeletal growth and bone mineralization?

Calcium.

In adolescents, what three factors contribute to the requirement for increased Iron intake?

Expansion of blood volume, growth in muscle mass, and compensation for blood loss during menstruation.

What is Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development for adolescents?

Identity versus role confusion.

According to Piaget, what stage of cognitive development do adolescents enter?

Formal operational stage (abstract and hypothetical thinking).

What is the second leading cause of death for the adolescent age group?

Suicide.

According to the CDC (2025), how many U.S. high school students reported making a suicide plan in the past year?

$1$ in $6$ high school students.

What are the limitations to confidentiality when a nurse interviews an adolescent?

Disclosure of abuse or suicidal ideation.

What is the age range for the young adult group?

$20\text{--}35\,\text{years}$.

What is Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development for young adults?

Intimacy versus Isolation.

What is considered a healthy body mass index (BMI) range for a young adult?

Between $18.5$ and $24.9$.

What is the metric formula for calculating Body Mass Index (BMI)?

$$\text{BMI} = \frac{\text{weight (kg)}}{(\text{height (m)})^2}$$

How often should young adult females and males have routine physical exams?

Females every $1\text{--}3\,\text{years}$ and males every $3\text{--}5\,\text{years}$.

Why is middle adulthood (35–64 years) often referred to as the 'sandwich generation'?

Middle adults often care for aging parents in addition to their own children.

During what age range does menopause usually occur?

Between $45$ and $60\,\text{years}$ old.

What is the 'climacteric' in males and when does it occur?

A decline in testosterone levels affecting penile erection and ejaculation, occurring in the late $40\text{s}$ or early $50\text{s}$.

Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages occurs during middle adulthood?

Generativity versus Stagnation.

What is the definition of Early-Onset Dementia (EOD)?

Dementia that happens before age $65$.

What is the recommended exercise frequency and duration for middle adults?

$20\text{--}30\,\text{minutes}$, $5\text{--}6\,\text{times}$ per week.

What does the 'S' in the Fulmer SPICES framework represent when assessing older adults?

Sleep Disorders.

What does the 'P' in the Fulmer SPICES framework represent?

Problems With Eating or Feeding.

What does the 'I' in the Fulmer SPICES framework represent?

Incontinence.

What does the 'C' in the Fulmer SPICES framework represent?

Confusion.

What does the 'E' in the Fulmer SPICES framework represent?

Evidence of Falls.

What does the final 'S' in the Fulmer SPICES framework represent?

Skin Breakdown.

What is Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development for the older adult?

Integrity versus Despair.

How many older adults report a fall every year?

Over $1$ in $4$ older adults.

What is the recommended duration of quality rest for older adults?

$7\text{--}9\,\text{hours}$.

What are the four common attributes of families?

Durability, Resiliency, Diversity, and Dynamic.

In family dynamics, what is the definition of 'Durability'?

The ability to withstand pressure and form a system of support.

What is the definition of an 'Extended Family'?

Consists of relatives (aunts, uncles, grandparents, and cousins) in addition to the nuclear family.

How is a 'Blended Family' formed?

When parents bring children from previous relationships into a new joint-living situation.

What are Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)?

Potentially traumatic events occurring during childhood, such as abuse, violence, and exposure to substance-use disorders.

What is the difference between a crisis-proof and a crisis-prone family?

A crisis-proof family balances stability with growth and is flexible, while a crisis-prone family struggles to maintain control and has difficulty adapting.

Which inherited gene mutations significantly increase the likelihood of breast cancer?

$BRCA1$ or $BRCA2$ genes.