Introduction to Structural Units and Tissues

Flashcards about structural units, anatomy, physiology, and cells.

What is the study of the shape and structure of an organism's body and its relationship with one body part to another?

Anatomy

What is the study of the function of each body part and how the function of each body parts coordinate to complete a human organism?

Physiology

What is the plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

Coronal (Frontal) Plane

What is the plane that divides the body into right and left sides?

Sagittal (Lateral) Plane

What is the plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts?

Axial (Transverse) Plane

What type of membrane lines the body cavities?

Serous membrane

What is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things?

The cell

What is the anatomical position?

Standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs by the side, palms facing forward, feet together, toes pointing forward.

What does superior/cranial/cephalic mean?

Toward the head

What does inferior/caudal mean?

Away from the head or toward the coccyx

What does anterior/ventral mean?

Front

What does posterior/dorsal mean?

Back

What does medial mean?

Toward the midline of the body

What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline of the body

What does proximal mean?

Toward or nearest to the trunk or the point of attachment or origin of a part

What does distal mean?

Away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of attachment or origin of a part

What are the two cavities of the dorsal cavity?

Cranial (Brain) and Spinal

What are the two main regions of the thoracic cavity?

Mediastinum and Pleural Cavity

What membrane is associated with the organ?

Visceral membrane or layer

What are the two main regions of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Abdominal cavity and Pelvic cavity

What is the reference point for dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into 4 quadrants?

Umbilicus

What is the cephalic region?

Head and neck, composed of the skull and the face

What regions make up the trunk?

Thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic regions

What are the structural components of the upper extremities?

The upper arm or brachium, forearm or antebrachium, elbow or cubital area, opposite side of elbow or antecubital area

What are the structural components of the lower extremities?

Thigh, calf, knee, ham or popliteal region and foot

What is the ability to regulate internal environment within a narrow limit through negative or positive feedback called?

Homeostasis

What type of feedback look decreases the output?

Negative feedback loop

What type of feedback look increase the level of event when started?

Positive feedback loop

What is the building up from simple materials to complex ones which requires energy called?

Anabolism

What is the breaking down and changing of complex substances into simpler one with release of energy and CO2 called?

Catabolism

What are the tenets of the Cell Theory?

Cells are the fundamental structural and functional units of life. All organisms are composed of one or more cells where the life processes of metabolism and heredity occur. Cells are the smallest living things. Cells arise only by division of a preexisting cells.

What is the protoplasm outside of the nucleus called?

Cytoplasm

What part of the cell membrane regulates fluidity?

Cholesterol

What part of the cell membrane is embedded in the phospholipid layers, passage for molecules?

Integral proteins

What part of the cell membrane is found on one side of the membrane which serves as anchor for cytoskeleton, carrier for molecules and receptors for cell signalling?

Peripheral proteins

What part of the cell membrane serves as receptors?

Carbohydrates

What is the site for ribosomal RNA?

Nucleolus

What structure regulates entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus?

Nuclear pores

What two structures are ribosomes bound to?

Endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope.

Which type of endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes?

Smooth ER

Which type of endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes?

Rough ER

What cell organelle is the site of cellular respiration?

Mitochondria

What are the three types of cell junctions?

Tight, desmosomes, and gap.

What are the two types of cell division?

Meiosis and Mitosis

What process is cell division of the sex cell or gamete during reproduction?

Meiosis

What is the process is cell division for growth and maintenance?

Mitosis

What part of mitosis is for chromosomes line up in the equatorial plate?

Metaphase

What part of mitosis is for sister chromatids separate and are pulled via the spindle fibers toward opposite poles or centrioles?

Anaphase

What part of mitosis is uncoiling to make chromatin and reform nuclear membrane and formation of 2 daughter cells?

Telophase

What type of transport across cell membranes doesn't' require energy?

Passive

What type of transport across cell membranes requires energy?

Active

What type of cells are similar in structure and perform a specific function?

Tissues

What is the field of study that involves microscopic examination of tissue appearance, organization and function?

Histology

What are the four primary tissue types?

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous.

What are the three embryonic origin of tissues?

Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm

What membrane is referred to as a mucosa?

Mucous membrane

What is the most common type of epithelium?

Stratified squamous epithelium

What type of epithelium is built for protection, not absorption?

Stratified squamous epithelium

What are the types of connective tissue?

connective tissue proper, supportive connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue

What are the components of connective tissue?

Cells, amorphous ground substances and protein fibers

What are the types of muscle tissues?

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

What tissue is responsible for involuntary movements in the internal organs?

Smooth muscle

What are two main component cells of the nervous tissues?

Neurons and Neuroglia

What does inflammation result in?

Pain,swelling, redness and loss of motion

What are the two types of epithelial tissue repair?

Primary and secondary repair

What is the outermost covering of epithelial cells with no blood vessels called?

Epidermis

What is true skin made of connective tissue and is vascular (has blood vessels)?

Dermis

What are the layers of the epidermis?

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.

What is the deepest epidermal layer and attaches the epidermis to the basal lamina?

Stratum basale

Which layer of the epidermis is found only in the thick skin of the palms, soles and digits?

Stratum Lucidum

What are the three pigments that influence skin color?

Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin.

In which layer of the skin does hair originate?

Dermis

What are the three types of sweat glands?

Eccrine, Apocrine, Holocrine

Sebaceous glands produce and excrete what substance?

Sebum