Biology Lecture Exam #2

What is the anatomical position for the ulna?

The ulna is on the medial (pinkie) side of your forearm

What are all the minerals in the human body?

Magnesium, Calcium, Iron, Potassium, Zinc, Sodium, Phosphorus, Copper, Selenium, Iodine, Chloride, Chromium, Manganese, Sulfur, Molybdenum, and Fluoride

What is the anatomical position for the ulna?

The ulna is on the medial (pinkie) side of your forearm

What are all the minerals in the human body?

Magnesium, Calcium, Iron, Potassium, Zinc, Sodium, Phosphorus, Copper, Selenium, Iodine, Chloride, Chromium, Manganese, Sulfur, Molybdenum, and Fluoride

What is the most abundant mineral in the human body?

Calcium

What are signs of Rickets?

• Dental problems

• Painful bones

• Slowed growth and development

• Increased risk of broken bones

• Prominent forehead

• Deformities of the skeleton

What causes Rickets?

A lack of vitamin D or calcium

How many bones make up the Axial Skeleton?

80 bones

How many bones make up the Appendicular Skeleton?

126 bones

What are all the bones that belong to the Axial Skeleton?

CRANIAL

• Parietal

• Temporal

• Frontal

• Occipital

• Ethmoid

• Sphenoid

FACIAL

• Maxilla

• Zygomatic

• Mandible

• Nasal

• Platine

• Inferior Nasal Concha

• Lacrimal

• Vomer

AUDITORY

• Malleus

• Incus

• Stapes

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

• Cervical Vertebrae

• Thoraic Vertebrae

• Lumbar vertebrae

• Sacrum

• Coccyx

What are all the bones that belong to the Appendicular Skeleton?

• Clavicle

• Scapula

• Humerus

• Radius

• Ulna

• Carpals

• Metacarpals

• Phalanges x2

• Coxal, innominate, or hip bones

• Femur

• Tibia

• Fibula

• Patella

• Tarsals

• Metatarsals

What is the main (large) orifice of the skull?

Foramen Magnum, and it is located in the occipital bone

The zygomatic arch is formed by the union of

temportal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

A skull bone that could be described as looking like a bat with wings extended is the

sphenoid bone

The true ribs are __, and they are ribs from __ to __

1. Vertebrocostal ribs

2. 1

3. 7

False ribs are __, and they are from ribs __ to __.

1. Vertebro-chondral ribs

2. 8

3. 12

The only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is between __ and __ bones

1. The clavicle

2. The scapula

What are the consequences of the epiphyseal plate being replaced by bone?

It leads to less ossification and growth slows and later stops

What are the bone classifications?

• Sutural

• Irregular

• Short

• Flat

• Long

• Sesamoid

What are the types of fractures to the trace of a fractures?

• Greenstick

• Transverse

• Spinal

• Comminute

• Oblique

• Close (Simple)

• Open (Compound)

What are the functions of bone cells?

• Osteoblasts - bone growth and repair

• Osteocytes - mature bone cells

• Osteoclasts - dissolved bone matrix

• Osteoprogenitor/osteogenic - stem cells

What are the main characteristics of bone cells?

• Osteoblasts -cube-shaped

• Osteoclasts - rounded domes

• Osteocyte - spikes around it

• Osteogenic - rounded spike

What are the names of bone cells?

• Osteogenic

• Osteocytes

• Osteoclasts

• Osteoblasts

What is the synarthrosis that binds the teeth to the bony socket?

The gomphosis

What is the anatomical position for the radius?

It is located on the lateral side of the forearm parallel to the ulna

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

• support

• stores minerals and lipids

• blood cell production

• protect organs

• leverage

What are the characteristics of different bones?

• Sutural bones - small, flat, irregular-shaped between flat bones and different

• Irregular bones - complex shapes

• Short bones - boxy

• Flat bones - thin with parallel surfaces

• Long bones - long and slender

• Sesamoid - small, round, flat

What are the bone landmarks?

• Projections - where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach

• Openings/Depressions - for passage of blood vessels and nerves

What are some examples of different bones?

• Sutural bones - vary

• Irregular bones - carpal bones/tarsal bones

• Flat bones - bones of a skull roof, sternum, ribs, and scapulae

• Long bones - any bone in the arm, hand, soles, and fingers

• Sesamoid bones - patellae

What are the primary vertebral column curvatures?

The thoracic and sacrococcygeal curves (back and buttocks respectively)

What are the components of the skeletal system?

• Cartilages

• Bones

• Ligaments

• Other connective tissues

What are the secondary vertebral column curvatures?

The cervical and lumbar curves (neck and hip respectively)

The large foramen that serves as a passageway for the medulla of the brain and the accessory nerve x is the __

Foramen magnum

What are the parts of the sternum?

• Manubriam

• Body

• Xyphoid process

Identify terms for one growth in width and length

• Interstitial growth (length-wise)

• Appositional growth (width-wise)

What are fibrous joints?

Joints with almost no movement

What are cartilaginous joints?

Joints with some movement

What are synovial joints?

Joints with lots of movement

What are the type of synovial joints?

• Hinge joints

• Ball and socket joints

• Condyloid joints

• Pivot joints

• Planar joints

• Saddle joints

What is abduction?

Moving a body part away from the main body

What is adduction?

Moving a body part closer to the main body

What is flexion?

A decrease in the angle of joints

What is extension?

An increase in the angle of joints

What is circumduction?

The movement of a body part in a cicrcular motion

What is rotation?

The rotation of an arm (NOT in a circular movement)

What is supination?

A body part, usually a hand, leaning forward

What is pronation?

A body part, usually a hand, leaning outward