Ch9- Module 1

What is sleep?

The best research on human sleep is conducted in a ____________.

sleep laboratory

What is used to monitor the brain’s activity during sleep?

an electroencephalogram (EEG)

What is usede to monitor face muscle activity during sleep?

an electromyogram (EMG)

What is used to measure eye movements during sleep?

an electro-oculogram (EOG)

When a person is awake, an EEG typically shows two basic patterns of activity: --------- and -------------

alpha and beta activity

What are the features of alpha activity?

1. regular, medium-frequency waves

2. 8-12Hz waves

3. produced when one is resting quietly

What are the features of beta activity?

1. irregular, mostly low-amplitude waves of 13-30Hz

In an EEG, amplitude describes the ________ of a wave.

height

What does beta activity indicate?

Desynchrony; occurs when one is alert and attentive to environemental events or actively thinking

The first published manual of a standardized sleep stage scoring method was known as the ____________

R & K method

How many sleep stages does the new AASM method identify?

• Stages of wakefulness (Stage W)

• Three stages of non-REM sleep (NREM 1,2,3)

• One stage of REM sleep (stage R)

Stage one sleep is marked by the presence of _________

theta activity

What does theta activity indicate?

synchronized neural firing in the neocortex; the transition between wakefulness and sleep

The experience of hypnic jerks, muscle contractions, falling sensations, and relaxation is characteristic of stage ________ sleep

stage one, marked by theta activity

How long does it take for stage one to transition into stage two sleep?

10 minutes

The presence of ---------, ------------, and ----------- are indicators of stage two sleep

1. Theta activity

2. Sleep spindles

3. K complexes

What are sleep spindles?

short bursts of waves of 12-14Hz that occur between 2-5 times during stafes 1-3 of sleep

How do sleep spindles affect intelligence?

1. They play a role in the consolidation of memories

2. Increased numbers of sleep spindles are correlated to higher intelligence test scores

What are K complexes?

sudden, sharp waveforms found only in stage two sleep and occurring once per minute (can be triggered by unexpected noises)

K complexes consisted of isolated periods of __________

neural inhibition

If you wake up a snoring person, they will likely state that they were __________

not asleep

How long does it take for someone to transition from stage two to stage three sleep?

15 minutes

Slow-wave sleep is signaled by high-amplitude _______________

delta activity

How long does it take to transition from stage 3 sleep to REM sleep?

90 minutes

What are the physiological features of REM sleep?

1. Desynchronized EEG (resembles stage 1 sleep)

2. Rapid eye movements; buldged moving cornea

3. Loss of muscle tone

4. Paralysis

What does REM stand for?

**R**apid **E**ye **M**ovements

How will a person react if they have just been woken out of Stage 3 sleep?

Groggy & Confused (can only be woken by loud noises)

How will a person react if they have just been woken out of REM sleep?

Alert & Attentive (can only be woken by meaningful stimuli eg their name)

How long is a sleep cycle?

90 minutes

How long does REM sleep last?

20-30 minutes

An 8 hour sleep will contain _____________ periods of REM sleep

4 or 5

What causes REM sleep paralysis?

the inhibition of spinal and cranial motor neurons

A person is most likely to experience sexual arousal during which stage of sleep?

REM sleep

The rate of cerebral blood flow during REM sleep is high in the ------------ but low in the -------- and -------------

extrastriate cortex (visual association cortex); striate (primary) cortex and preforntal cortex

The _____________ is associated with lucid dreaming during REM

activation of the prefrontal cortex or acetylcholinesterase doses

Blood flow to the ------------- and --------- is decreased in slow-wave sleep

thalamus & cerebellum