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The best research on human sleep is conducted in a ____________.
sleep laboratory
What is used to monitor the brain’s activity during sleep?
an electroencephalogram (EEG)
What is usede to monitor face muscle activity during sleep?
an electromyogram (EMG)
What is used to measure eye movements during sleep?
an electro-oculogram (EOG)
When a person is awake, an EEG typically shows two basic patterns of activity: --------- and -------------
alpha and beta activity
What are the features of alpha activity?
regular, medium-frequency waves
8-12Hz waves
produced when one is resting quietly
What are the features of beta activity?
irregular, mostly low-amplitude waves of 13-30Hz
In an EEG, amplitude describes the ________ of a wave.
height
What does beta activity indicate?
Desynchrony; occurs when one is alert and attentive to environemental events or actively thinking
The first published manual of a standardized sleep stage scoring method was known as the ____________
R & K method
How many sleep stages does the new AASM method identify?
Stages of wakefulness (Stage W)
Three stages of non-REM sleep (NREM 1,2,3)
One stage of REM sleep (stage R)
Stage one sleep is marked by the presence of _________
theta activity
What does theta activity indicate?
synchronized neural firing in the neocortex; the transition between wakefulness and sleep
The experience of hypnic jerks, muscle contractions, falling sensations, and relaxation is characteristic of stage ________ sleep
stage one, marked by theta activity
How long does it take for stage one to transition into stage two sleep?
10 minutes
The presence of ---------, ------------, and ----------- are indicators of stage two sleep
Theta activity
Sleep spindles
K complexes
What are sleep spindles?
short bursts of waves of 12-14Hz that occur between 2-5 times during stafes 1-3 of sleep
How do sleep spindles affect intelligence?
They play a role in the consolidation of memories
Increased numbers of sleep spindles are correlated to higher intelligence test scores
What are K complexes?
sudden, sharp waveforms found only in stage two sleep and occurring once per minute (can be triggered by unexpected noises)
K complexes consisted of isolated periods of __________
neural inhibition
If you wake up a snoring person, they will likely state that they were __________
not asleep
How long does it take for someone to transition from stage two to stage three sleep?
15 minutes
Slow-wave sleep is signaled by high-amplitude _______________
delta activity
How long does it take to transition from stage 3 sleep to REM sleep?
90 minutes
What are the physiological features of REM sleep?
Desynchronized EEG (resembles stage 1 sleep)
Rapid eye movements; buldged moving cornea
Loss of muscle tone
Paralysis
What does REM stand for?
Rapid Eye Movements
How will a person react if they have just been woken out of Stage 3 sleep?
Groggy & Confused (can only be woken by loud noises)
How will a person react if they have just been woken out of REM sleep?
Alert & Attentive (can only be woken by meaningful stimuli eg their name)
How long is a sleep cycle?
90 minutes
How long does REM sleep last?
20-30 minutes
An 8 hour sleep will contain _____________ periods of REM sleep
4 or 5
What causes REM sleep paralysis?
the inhibition of spinal and cranial motor neurons
A person is most likely to experience sexual arousal during which stage of sleep?
REM sleep
The rate of cerebral blood flow during REM sleep is high in the ------------ but low in the -------- and -------------
extrastriate cortex (visual association cortex); striate (primary) cortex and preforntal cortex
The _____________ is associated with lucid dreaming during REM
activation of the prefrontal cortex or acetylcholinesterase doses
Blood flow to the ------------- and --------- is decreased in slow-wave sleep
thalamus & cerebellum
Note 
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