foundations: chapter 32 (hygiene)

XX what does the integumentary system consist of?

skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

what is the body's first line of defense?

the skin

explain the two roles that skin plays in protecting against pathogens:

1. serves as a ….

2. contains _________ _____, which…

1. physical barrier that protects the internal parts of the body from the outside world

2. langerhans cells, sense and kill pathogens

epidermis layer of the skin

1. made of _______ _____ _____ that are organized into ____ layers, which provides…

2. receives its nutrition from the ______ layer, as the epidermis is ____________

1. squamous epithelial cells, four, strength to the skin

2. dermis, avascular

explain the dermis layer of the skin:

1. gives the skin its ______ and ________

2. because the dermis contains nerves, it can…

1. strength and elasticity

2. alert the body to stimuli that pose a threat of danger

explain the hypodermis (subcutaneous) layer of the skin

1. separates the dermis from _______ ________

2. contains _______ _______ that acts as a…

1. underlying organs

2. adipose tissue, cushion from any physical trauma and insulator

XX explain the role of mucous membranes

-act as a physical barrier, preventing pathogens from entering the body

- line the respiratory, digestive, urinary tracts, and other areas exposed to the environment

- prevent pathogens from crossing into tissues or the bloodstream

- secrete mucus, which traps pathogens and small particles

- in the nose, cilia trap inhaled particles and move them toward the nose or throat

- coughing or sneezing expels these trapped particles, stopping infection

structure of teeth

1. enamel:

2. dentin:

3. pulp:

4. mouth bacteria:

1. hardest substance in the body, protects teeth from plaque and pathogens

2. beneath the enamel, protects the inner pulp

3. contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue that nourish the tooth

4. produce acid that can erode enamel, causing cavities, infection, and tooth loss

nail structure and care:

1. role of the cuticle:

2. beneath the cuticle, the ________ adds extra protection against pathogens

3. it is important to regularly check nails of pts, especially pts with…

1. seals the skin and nail plate, preventing infection

2. pterygium

3. diabetes

what are the steps of nail care? (4)

- rest hands on a towel after soaking

- use an orange stick to clean under nails

- trim nails if needed (FLAT), then file sharp edges

- apply lotion to hands after care

XX define hygiene. what areas of the body does it include?

- personal actions that reduce pathogen spread and lower illness risk (keeps the body clean and well-groomed)

- includes hand, face, and body washing; dental hygiene; and nail care

what are some benefits of bathing/showering? (4)

- it stimulates circulation, provides relaxation, and enhances healing

- warm water facilitates vasodilation (increased supply of oxygen and nutrients in the body, and the removal of carbon monoxide and other waste products)

- decreases the number of HAIs

- decreases pneumonia risk

1) how can skin integrity be weakened or damaged?

2) how can regular washing help?

1) by irritation, inflammation, or open wounds

2) it removes oil, dead cells, and bacteria to prevent breakdown

what is a major cause of skin damage, especially around the hips, genitals, buttocks, and perineum?

incontinence

what is a simple, low-cost way to reduce HAIs?

handwashing

when should you use soap and water? (3)

• when hands are visibly dirty

• after caring for client with infectious diarrhea

• after contact with spore-forming bacteria like c. diff

the WHO highlights that many health issues are influenced by ____ ____ beyond individual control

social factors

give examples of social determinants of health

where an individual is born, raised, lives, works, and ages

hygiene habits may be influenced by ____ and ____ beliefs

- cultural

- religious

XX what are some other factors that may influence hygiene habits?

bathing practices at home, patient preference (ex. gender or a.m. vs. p.m.), allergies or sensitivities, patient privacy (family and visitors), access to running water, communication

development considerations when it comes to hygiene for newborns and infants:

1. bath how many times weekly?

2. Give sponge baths until…

3. Watch for _____ _______, how can this be prevented?

1. 2-3 times weekly

2. umbilical cord falls off (1-2 weeks)

3. diaper dermatitis, prevent with frequent diaper changes, gentle cleansing, and barrier creams

XX what are some development considerations when it comes to hygiene for school-age children and teens?

- hormonal changes increase oil and sweat

- daily bathing and hair washing at least every other day recommended

- use deodorant and gentle, non-clogging cleansers to manage oily skin

XX what are some development considerations when it comes to hygiene for older adults?

- may resist bathing due to illness, pain, or fear

- nurses should address concerns and encourage hygiene to prevent health issues

XX what are some considerations when it come to stroke patients?

- may have weakness or paralysis (assist with care using the unaffected side first)

- oral hygiene is crucial to prevent pneumonia

- use adaptive equipment like shower chairs and tub benches

what are some considerations when it come to spinal cord injury patients? (1)

- loss of temperature sensation requires careful water temperature control

- use assistive devices (ex. long-handled sponges, soap on a rope) to maintain independence

what are some developmental considerations when it come to visually impaired patients?

assist and educate on hygiene (ex. oral hygiene) while promoting independence

what are some developmental considerations when it come to bariatric patients? (2)

- skin folds are prone to moisture and infection, clean gently and keep dry

- treat fungal infections as needed

what are some developmental considerations when it come to amputee patients? (2)

- use adaptive tools (electric toothbrush, one-handed flossers, electric razors)

- provide support to prevent falls and promote independence

____ bathing is used to decrease the risk of infections in hospitals

CHG

change linens ____ bathing if possible

after

when providing hair care, the nurse should observe for what?

the presence of scalp pressure areas, dandruff, lice, and the overall condition of the skin

1) how should you clean the eyes?

2) ears?

1) clean eyes gently, removing discharge and assess vision regularly

2) clean ears with a washcloth, check for redness, swelling, or wax buildup

describe how foot care should be performed (3)

- wash daily and dry thoroughly, especially between toes

- trim nails and inspect for cuts or infections

- monitor feet closely in clients with diabetes or poor circulation

XX describe perineal care

- encourage self-care when possible

- wash front to back for females

- retract and replace foreskin carefully for uncircumcised males

- provide catheter care daily

what should be done during oral hygiene?

- use fluoride toothpaste and a soft-bristle toothbrush

- clean tongue and floss regularly

- assist as needed, especially for ventilated clients (prevent VAP)

- proper denture care prevents discomfort and maintains function