hymnology final

Q: What is the difference between antiphonal and responsorial singing?

A: Antiphonal = two groups alternate singing. Responsorial = leader sings; congregation responds.

Q: What is the difference between monophonic and homophonic hymns?

A: Monophonic = one melody, no harmony. Homophonic = melody with harmonic accompaniment.

Q: How was Jewish temple worship different from synagogue worship?

A: Temple = sacrifices, priests, instruments. Synagogue = scripture reading, prayer, teaching, singing.

Q: What does it mean to "intone" scripture?

A: To chant or sing scripture on a simple melodic pattern.

Q: Know these passages:

• Acts 2:42–47: Early Christians devoted themselves to teaching, fellowship, prayer, worship.

• 1 Corinthians 14:26: Worship should involve participation and edify the church.

• Ephesians 5:19: Sing psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs to the Lord.

Q: What language were the earliest Christian hymns likely written in?

A: Greek.

Q: What effect did 70 A.D. have on the church?

A: Destruction of the Jerusalem Temple accelerated Christianity's separation from Judaism.

Q: What is a canticle?

A: A biblical song other than the Psalms.

Q: What does the Greek word hymnos mean?.

A: A song of praise.

Q: Why is the Oxyrhynchus manuscript special?

A: It contains the oldest surviving Christian hymn with musical notation.

Q: How does Greek poetry differ from Hebrew poetry?

A: Greek = meter and rhythm, flowery language; Hebrew = parallelism of ideas

Q: Was much written about why early Christians sang without instruments?

A: No. Very little was written directly explaining the practice.

Q: Who was the bishop of Milan who wrote hymns?

A: Ambrose.

Q: What did Augustine struggle with regarding music?

A: Enjoying the beauty of music more than its spiritual message.

Q: When was Christianity legalized under Constantine?

A: 313 A.D. (Edict of Milan).

Q: During what periods was monophonic singing the norm?

A: Early Church through most of the Middle Ages.

Q: What is true about Pope Gregory I and Gregorian Chant?

A: Gregory supported church music, but he did not personally compose or invent Gregorian chant; many legends about him are myths.

Q: Difference between the Ordinary and Proper of the Mass?

A: Ordinary = fixed texts (Kyrie, Gloria, Creed, Sanctus, Agnus Dei). Proper = texts that change with the church calendar.

Q: Who was Francis of Assisi?

A: A friar who promoted simple vernacular spiritual songs.

Q: What happened to Jan Hus at the Council of Constance?

A: He was condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake (1415).

Q: When did Martin Luther live? Did he write hymns?

A: 1483–1546. Yes—he wrote many chorales, including A Mighty Fortress.

Q: Who protected Luther at Wartburg Castle?

A: Frederick the Wise.

Q: What were Luther's beliefs about congregational singing?

A: Congregations should sing; hymns and instruments were appropriate if they served the Gospel.

Q: What was Pietism? Where did it flourish? What effect did it have?

A: A movement emphasizing personal faith and devotion, flourishing in Germany; it encouraged many heartfelt hymns.

Q: Where did Zwingli begin the Reformation? What were his views on church music?

A: Zurich, Switzerland. He opposed congregational singing and removed music from worship.

Q: What were Calvin's beliefs about congregational singing?

A: Congregations should sing primarily biblical Psalms, unaccompanied and simply.

Q: Who were Marot and Bourgeois?

A: Clément Marot translated Psalms; Louis Bourgeois composed tunes for the Genevan Psalter.

Q: Who were the Anabaptists?

A: Reformers who practiced believer's baptism; Mennonites and Amish descended from this movement

Q: Genevan Psalter

A: Calvin; metrical Psalms only.

Q: Anglo-Genevan Psalter

A: English exiles in Geneva; English Psalms.

Q: Sternhold & Hopkins ("Old Version")

A: English metrical Psalter.

Q: Ausbund

A: Anabaptist hymnal; oldest hymnbook still in continuous use (Amish).

Q: Tate & Brady ("New Version")

A: Revised English metrical Psalter.

Q: Bay Psalm Book

A: First book printed in America (1640); metrical Psalms only.

Q: The Olney Hymnal

A: Compiled by John Newton and William Cowper; included Amazing Grace.

Q: Who established the Church of England, and why?

A: Henry VIII; to obtain an annulment and separate from Rome.

Q: Who persecuted Anglicans? Where did many flee?

A: During Queen Mary's reign, many fled to Geneva.

Q: Who were the Puritans? How did they differ from Separatists?

A: Puritans wanted to reform the Church of England; Separatists left it completely.

Q: Who was John Knox?

A: Scottish Reformer who established Presbyterianism in Scotland.

Q: What is a proper tune?

A: A tune written for one specific hymn text.

Q: What is a common tune?

A: A tune that can be used with any text of the same meter.

Q: First hymnal printed in America?

A: Urania (1744), the first American-printed hymnal containing hymns.

Q: Isaac Watts (1674–1748)

A: Wrote over 600 hymns and psalm paraphrases; adapted Psalms to reflect Christ and the New Testament.

Q: John Wesley (1703–1791)

A: Methodist leader and preacher; promoted congregational singing.

Q: Charles Wesley (1707–1788)

A: Wrote over 6,000 hymns.

Q: Who helped John Newton compile a hymnal?

A: William Cowper.

Q: Amazing Grace

A: John Newton.

Q: Silent Night

A: Joseph Mohr (text); Franz Xaver Gruber (music).

Q: Hark! the Herald Angels Sing

A: Charles Wesley.

Q: Joy to the World

A: Isaac Watts.

Q: A Mighty Fortress Is Our God

A: Martin Luther.

Q: Common Meter (CM)

A: 8.6.8.6

Q: Short Meter (SM)

A: 6.6.8.6

Q: Long Meter (LM)

A: 8.8.8.8