3rd Benchmark

Mexican cession

After the Mexican American War, the lands of California, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico were sold to the U.S. 🇺🇲 for $15 million in the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Who were the 49ers

During the California Gold Rush people from the Eastern coast moved west to settle in California. They migrated west ⬅️ 🧭 in 1849 thus the name. Invested way more than what they got out of it. People wanted to get rich w/o much effort.

Jackson support of Native Americans

Jackson wanted to remove the natives from their lands in order to open them for white settlers as he was the president of the common man. He passes the Indian Removal Act and enforces it. The natives were forced to move the Indian territory (Oklahoma) through the Trail of Tears.

Louisiana Territory (2)

The territory was sold by Napoleon, after suffering the loss from Haiti 🇭🇹, to the United States for $15 million and doubled the size of the United States after the U.S. showed interest in buying the city 🏙️ of New Orleans. Thomas Jefferson then sends Lewis and Clark west to explore the new territory.

Northwest Ordinance

After the War of 1812 the United States gained land to the Mississippi River. In order to get people to settle the new lands in the lands of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Wisconsin, and Michigan the Ordinances of 1785 and 1787 were passed under the Articles of Confederation. The Ordinance of 1785 told how the lands would be organized and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 told how the lands would become states. One square mile was set aside for schools. 5,000 to be a territory, 60,000 to be a state in NWO 1787.

Trail of Tears 🐴💧

The route which the native Americans (Cherokee) were forced to traverse after being forced off their lands due to the Indian Removal Act. Many died. The Cherokee vs Georgia 🍑 court cases 🏛️ was the Cherokee fighting back.

Rio Grande/ Nueces River

Even before the introduction of the Yee-Haw state into the Union there was a border dispute with Mexico. Mexico says that the border was the Nueces River 🌊 while the United States says it was the Rio Grande. The start of the Mexican American War was due to the United States sending troops to the disputed territory and being killed by Mexican soldiers.

Acceleration of CA population

With gold 🪙 being found in California, hundreds of people rushed west on trails and ships. Boom towns were founded with hundreds of people🤸 coming every day. Cities quickly grew and soon, California became a free state. On the other hand, some towns slowly died with the end of the gold rush becoming ghost towns. 14,000 pop to 100,000 people within a year.

Why war with Mexico 🇲🇽

James Polk wanted to gain the lands of California, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico. He tried to buy them from Mexico but was refused. As a result he wanted to go to war with Mexico in order to take the lands from them.

How did we acquire Oregon?

Treaty with Britain 🇬🇧. 49th Parallel. Will result in the Pig wars.

Acts that led to the spread of slavery

Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850, Kansas and Nebraska Act, Dred Scott case, and others.

Fugitive Slave Act-tensions

Affected the North. The act forced Northerners to help return slaves to the South. They did not like this. If they were caught then a $1,000 fine or a 6 month jail sentence was given to the white people. Free slaves were being captured and sold into slavery. The North is no longer safe and now must move to Canada.

Compromise of 1850

Fugitive Slave Act. Cali free. No slave trading 🚫 in DC.

MO Compromise

Maine free. MO slave state.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Scott was under his master’s order while in free states. He sued and the case got brought up to the Supreme Court 🏛️. The SC ruled that slaves were not citizens and were like that of property that could be used, resold, or exchanged.

KS-NE Act

repealed the Missouri Compromise. KS and NE had popular sovereignty to decide slave policy in their state. Hundreds of people moved to change the results causing mass violence known as Bleeding Kansas.

Federal protection of slavery-Compromise of 1850

The federal government is going to protect slavery where it already exists. Also passed the Fugitive Slave Act required Northerners to return escaped slaves.

Seneca Falls Convention issue

Women Equality. Seneca Falls Convention in New York state. Hosted by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

Declaration of sentiments

Take the words from the Declaration of Independence and add women into the document. Lists the grievances of men.

Dorothea Dix focus

Reforming prison conditions. Recorded the conditions of prisoners and the mentally ill. Advocated to away from punishment and move towards rehabilitation.

Susan B. Anthony

Women's rights and Voting rights. Founded the National Woman’s suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Said it was a crime that she didn’t get voted for in the last election as she was arrested.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Abolitionist and Women's rights advocate. Hosted the Seneca Falls Convention and co-founded the National Woman's suffrage Association.

James Fenimore Cooper

American author and novelist in the early 1800s. He wrote “Last of the Mohicans” , a book about the clash of cultures between the Native Americans and Europeans during the French and Indian war.

Newspapers and books fuel slave rebellions

“Liberator” by William Lloyd Garrison. “North Star” by Frederick Douglass. “Uncle’s Tom Cabin” by Harriet Beecher Stowe.

Newspapers during abolition focused on freedom of speech

Wrote newspapers against slavery in order to gather more people to the cause.

Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman

public- Frederick Douglass private-Harriet Tubman

Former lives of Douglass, Truth and Tubman

They were all former slaves and abolitionists.

The Great Compromiser

Henry Clay of Kentucky who created many of the compromises between the North and South.

Uncle Tom’s 🛖 inspiration

By Harriet Beecher Stowe who was inspired by the cruelty of slavery that see witnessed.

Treaty of New Echota

Signed between the U.S. gov and a small group of Cherokee leaders against the wishes of a majority of Cherokee. The natives would get land in Oklahoma and the Americans would get the native land west of the Mississippi. Supposed to be an even swap,but the Natives get the short end of the deal and are forced away on the Trail of Tears.