Honors biology unit 2 - biochemistry

acid

pH less than 7, releases H+ ions in water

amine

—NH2, hydrophilic, weak base

amine examples

caffeine, amino acids, nicotine

amino acid

an organic molecule that serves as the fundamental building block(AKA monomer) of proteins, contains an amine group and a carboxyl group

base

pH greater than 7, releases OH ions in water.

buffer

a solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added, maintaining a stable environment for biochemical reactions and processes like those in cells.

carbohydrate

Elements include C,H,O Monomer is a monosaccharide.

carbohydrate functions

main energy source, cellular recognition (stick out of the cell membrane like flags.

carbohydrate examples

glucose, sugar, chitin, cellulose, and glycogen

carboxyl

—COOH, hydrophilic, acidic

carboxyl examples

amino and fatty acids

covalent bond

a strong chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons to achieve a stable, complete outer electron shell.

dehydration synthesis

the process of two smaller molecules joining together to form a larger molecule by removing a water molecule as a byproduct.

disaccharide

a type of carbohydrate made up of two monosaccharide (simple sugars).

fatty acid

type of lipid, a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) at one end, saturated and unsaturated.

functional group

group of atoms that have specific chemical properties. They are free to participate in chemical reactions.

glycerol

a three-carbon alcohol that serves as the structural backbone of triglycerides and phospholipids, crucial components of fats and cellular membranes

hydrogen bond

a specific type of electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (like oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) and another nearby electronegative atom with an unshared electron pair

hydrolysis

a fundamental chemical reaction where a larger molecule is broken down into smaller parts by the addition of a water molecule

hydronium

H3O+, is a water molecule (H₂O) that has accepted an extra proton (H⁺) from an acid, making it a positively charged ion, determines a solution's pH level

hydroxide

OH-,a negatively charged ion formed from a water molecule

inorganic

molecules do not contain carbon, nonliving material.

inorganic examples

oxygen, gas, metals, minerals, water.

ionic bond

the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, formed by the transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another.

lipid

elements include C, H, O, and sometimes P. has two monomers; fatty acids and glycerol. Nonpolar.

saturated fats

carbon chain surrounded by the max number of hydrogen because all carbons are bonded with single bonds. bad for you. solid at room temperature.

examples of saturated fats

chocolate, butter, cream, meat products, and cheese.

unsaturated fats

less than max number of hydrogen, liquid at room temperature, good for you, double bond causing a bend in the chain

examples of unsaturated fats

avocado, fish, olive oil, peanuts

macromolecule

very large molecules made up of monomers bonded together, contain carbon.

methyl

—CH3, hydrophobic, nonpolar

methyl examples

hydrocarbons, when added to DNA it can control gene expression.

mixture

combination of two or more substances where each component retains its own chemical identity and properties, and they can be separated by physical means without undergoing a chemical reaction

monomer

individual/single subunits.

monosaccharide

the simplest form of sugar, serving as a fundamental building block for all carbohydrates

nonpolar

has no charge, insoluble in water

functions of lipids

stores high amount of metabolic energy, major component of cell membranes, waterproofing on plant leaves and fruit.

nucleic acids

elements include C,H,O,N,P, monomer is a nucleotide. DNA is a double helix and RNA is single stranded

Nucleotide

consists of a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA

functions of nucleic acids

DNA stores info inside the nucleus and RNA transmits info outside of the nucleus.

examples of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA, steroids, and cholesterol

organic

molecules do have carbon, living organisms.

examples of organic material

wood, grass, petroleum, and ethanol

pH

scale of 0-14 measuring acidity

phosphate

PO4²-,hydrophilic, acidic

examples of phosphate

DNA/RNA, genetic material, energy(ATP)

polar

slightly charged, soluble in water

polymer

repeating units of many identical or nearly identical monomers covalently bonded to one another

polysachharide

3 or more monosaccharides bonded together, starch is an example

protein

elements include C,H,O,N, and sometimes S. Monomers are amino acids.

Primary protein structure

amino acid sequence

secondary protein structure

alpha helix or beta pleated sheet (basic folding pattern)

teritriary protein structure

3d shape (globuar)

quaternary protein structure

relationship among multiple polypeptides

glucose

immediate source of energy for cellualar respirartion, monosaccharide

functions of proteins

control the speed of reactions, used to send signals to cells, transport substances in and out of cells,

examples of proteins

enzymes, egg whites, ferritin, insulin, hemoglobin, antibodies, hair, collagen, muscles.

solute

the minor component in a solution, dissolved

solution

a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent).

solvent

the major component in a solution, dissolves other substances