primates

gnathostomes

synap
- have jaws with teeth

• horrizontal septum

• 2 sets paired fins

gnathostomes characteristics

• 3rd semicircular canal

• 4 heart chambers

• 2 nostrils

• 2 nasal sacs

• 2 dorsal fins

eugnathostomes

synap:

• continuous tooth replacement

• vert replaces notochord

• ribs

condrithyes (cartilaginous fish)

• cartilagenous skeleton

• pelvic claspers

• placoid scales

elasmobrachii (sharks and batomorphs )

• multiple uncovered gill openings

chimaera

holostyle jaw

• fused to cranium, hyomandibular not connected

osteichthyes

endoskeleton made of endochondral bone

bony operculum

lepidotrichia

Actinopterygii

single dorsal fin

teleost

synap: suction feeding, maxillae bones fused to skin, premaxillae connected vis sliding joint

characteristics: homocercal tail, cycloid/ctenoid scaled

sarcopterygii

muscular paired fins w/ robust bony skeleton

coelacanthes

• tassel on midline axis

• alternating fin movement

• birth to live young

Lungfish

• wispy fins

• lungs aestivation

• seasonal habits

tetrapodamorpha

choanae

• includes tetrapod’s

Tiktaalik

• robust fi skeleton

• no dorsal/ anal fin

• flat skull

• shoulder not connected

tetrapods

• limbs

• tail fin rays

• many digits

• retained gills

• verts with 4 legs/feet

ichthyostega

• still have gills

• strong zygopophyses

• less tail fin

• underwater hearing

• feet like flipper

batrachomorphs

• flat skull

• 4 fingers or fewer

• akinetic/ ram feeding

• aquatic/ semiaquatic

lissamphibeans

• scaleless

• no dermal body armor

• poison glands

• bicuspid teeth

caecillians

body: limbless, annuli, tentacle

synap: ossified skull, reduced eyes, strong jaw muscles, reduced left lung,

Batrachia : salamanders and frogs

oppercular apperatus: lets animal hear ground borne vibrations

salamanders

long tail, 4 functional limbs, paedomorphism

frogs

salutary locomotion

lost tail

tibulofibula

projectile tongue

reptiliomorphs

• deep/ flattened skull

• longer legs

• 2 sets of teeth

amniotes

amniotic egg

synao: kerratinized skin, ankle bones, 2+ sacral bones, costal breathing

elongation of neck and trachea

suaropsids/diapsids

2 fenstration

• bipdal

• faveolar lung

• beta keratin ( adds rigor)

• converts citric acid (bladder reabsorbs water)

• good color vision

lepidosaurs

• scales

• transverse cloacal slit

• tail autonomy

tuatara

nocturnal

low body temp

teeth slide past each other

squamates (snakes and lizzards)

determinate growth

hemipenis

snakes

limbless

left lung derrived

kidneys stacked

mosasaurs

• hyperphalangy

• intramandibular joint

• vivorous

ichthyosaurs

• long snout/big eyes

• hyperphalangy

• polydactylys

• lungs no gills

• reduced zygopophyses

plesiosaurs

• long neck

• small head

• limbs w/ hyperphalangy

• short tail

turtles (cryptodires and pleurodires)

shell

limb girdles

no teeth

anapsid skull

archosaurs

hindlimb modifications

mandibular fenestra

semiaquatic

crocodilians

storng eyesight/hearing/smelling

strong closing muscles

indeterminate growth

ornithodires

small calcaneum, ankle now simple hinge

pterosaurs

wings,

keeled sternum,

thin walled bones,

quadrupeds

dinosaurs

3 sacral vertebrae

perforated acetabulum

ornithischians

pubis pointing backward, bony beak

saurischians

forward facing pubis

theropods

furcula, feathers, parenting, predatory

archeoptryx

furcula

unkeeled sternum

unfused fingers

long tail

synap: flexable wrist, backward facing pubis

birds

shorter tail, powered flight, pygostyle, keeled sternum

synapsids

extant mammals , mammal like reptiles

synap:

• one fenestra

• quadrapedal

• avelor lungs

• smooth skin w/ alpha keratin