Unit 1: Human Cells and Body Structures - Part 1

Anatomy

How parts are arranged (form)

Physiology

How the body works (function)

What is the goal?

Homeostasis

Division of anatomy

Macroscopic (gross anatomy) and microscopic

Macroscopic

Also known as gross anatomy

Regional anatomy= structure in body region

Systemic anatomy= structure by organ system

Microscopic

Cytology = study of cells

Histology = study of tissue

Levels of organization

1. Atoms

2. Molecules

3. Cell

4. Tissue

5. Organ

6. Organ system

7. Organism

11 organ systems

1. Integumentary

2. Skeletal

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

5. Endocrine

6. Respiratory

7. Urinary

8. Cardiovascular

9. Reproductive

10. Lymphatic

11. Digestive

Functions of life

• Metabolism

• Responsiveness

• Movement

• Differentiation (development)

• Growth

• Reproduction

Metabolism

Chemical process in body cells for energy

Anabolism = use energy to combine molecules

Catabolism = release energy by breaking down molecules

Responsiveness

Ability to detect and respond to changes

Movement

Movement internally and externally

Differentiation (development)

Cells specialize to carry out specific functions

Growth

Increase in body size from increase of cell size, number or amount of material between cells (fat)

Reproduction

Process of organisms replicating themselves

Homeostasis

• Condition of equilibrium in body

• Dynamic, not static (feedback system)

• Range or set point

• Disruption leads to intervention

Component of feedback system

stimulus

sensor = identifies change

control = monitors system and sends response

effector = produce response

response

Negative feedback system

Reverses change in a controlled condition → return to homeostasis

Positive feedback system

Reinforces change in bodies controlled condition →child birth

Anatomical position

Standing straight, face and eyes anterior, arms at sides with palms facing anterior and thumbs lateral, legs straight feet parallel with roles interror and toes facing anterior

Supine

Face up

Prone

Face down

Superior

Or cranial → towards head or upper part

Inferior

Or caudal → away from head or towards lower part

Anterior

Or ventral → towards front or in front

Posterior

Or dorsal → toward back or behind

Medial

Toward midline

Lateral

Away from midline

Proximal

Closer to point of attachment

Distal

Away from point of attachment

Superficial

Loser to surface

Deep

Farther from surface