Psychology Test 1 Vocab

Stanley Hall

founder of developmental psychology, adolescence storm and stress, nurture vs. nature, actively vs. passive, continuity vs. discontinuity, universality vs. context specific

Jean Piaget

studied his own kids and develped stages based on development. Intelligence is a process that helps an organism adapt to its environment

Social Cognitive Theory

humans are cognitive beings who’s active processing of info plays a role in their learning, behavior, and development

Development

systematic changes in the individual occurring between conception and death. Such changes can be positive negative or neutral

Growth

the physical change that occurs from conception to maturity

Biological aging

the deterioration of organisms that leads inevitably to their death

Aging

to most developmentalists positive negative and neutral changes, immature, organisms. different from biological aging

Emerging adulthood

newly identified period of lifespan, extending from about age 18 to age 25 or even later when young people are neither adolescence nor adults in our exploring their in identities careers, and relationships

Culture

a system of meaning shared by a population of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Age grade

socially defined age, groups or strata, each with different statuses roles, privileges, and responsibilities in society

Rate of passage

a ritual that marks a person's passage from one status to another, usually in reference to rituals, marking the transition from childhood to adulthood. Example quinceañera or bar mitzvah

Age norms

expectations about what people should be doing or how they should behave at different points in the lifespan

Social clock

A personal sense of when things should be done in life, and when an individuals ahead behind the schedule, dictated by age norms

Ethnicity

a person's classification in or affiliation with a group based on common heritage or tradition

Social economic status (SES)

the position, people hold in society based on such factors as income, education, occupational status, and prestige of neighborhoods. Mostly focused on income and resources.

Adolescence

transitional period between childhood and adulthood that begins with puberty and ends when the individual has acquired adult competencies and responsibilities roughly ages 10 to 18

Life expectancy

the average number of years a newborn baby can be expected to live now about 78 in the US

gerontogy

the study of aging an old age

Lifespan perspective

perspective that views development as a life mom multidirectional process that involves gains and losses is characterized by considerable plasticity is shaped by its historical. Cultural context has many causes and is best viewed from a multidisciplinary perspective.

Plasticity

and openness of brain cells or of the organism as a whole positive and negative environmental influence a capability to change in response to experience

Neuroplasticity

the brains remarkable ability to change in response to experience throughout the lifespan as when it recovers from injury or benefits from stimulating learning experiences

Baby biographies

carefully recorded observations of the growth and development of children by their parents over a period the first scientific investigations of development. Addresses the issue of context specific versus generalization

Storm and stress

Stanley Hall's term for emotional ups and downs, and rapid changes that he believed characterized adolescence

Theory

a set of concepts and propositions design designed to organize, describe and explain a instead of observations

Nature versus nurture issue

the debate over the relative roles of biological predispositions and environmental influences as determinants of human development. Genetics versus environment

Maturation

developmental changes that are biologically performed by genes rather than caused primarily by learning injury, illness, or some other life experience. Example puberty.

Environment

events or conditions outside of the person that are presumed to influence and be influenced by the individual

Learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavioral potential that result from a persons experience or practice

Continuity versus discontinuity issue

a debate among theorist about whether human development is best categorized as gradual and continuous or abrupt and stage like. Example, baby learning to walk by crawling first versus adolescent going through puberty.

Stage theory

a theory of development laid out in a sequential of distinct phases, each characterized by a particular set of abilities, motives and emotions or behaviors that form a coherent pattern. Generalizations.

University versus context specific issue

the debate over the extent to which developmental changes are common to everyone universal or different from person to person particularistic

Evolutionary psychology

the application of evolutionary theory and its concepts of natural selection to understand why humans think and behave as they do

Psychoanalytical theory

the theoretical perspective associated with Freud, the freak and his followers that emphasizes unconscious motivations for behavior conflicts within the personality and stages of psychosexual development. Unconscious motivations include the id and ego.

Social learning the

venas social learning theory which holds that children and adults can learn novel responses merely by observing the behavior of a model making mental notes on what they've seen, and then using those mental presentations to reproduce the models behavior. The theory emphasizing the importance of cognitive processing of social experiences.

Cognitive developmental theory

theory detailing how children advance through four stages of thinking: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

System theories

theories of development holding that changes over the lifespan arise from ongoing right inner relationships between changing organisms and changing environment, both of which are part of a larger dynamic system

Bioecological model

Bronfenbrennier's model of development that emphasizes the roles of both nature and nurture as a developing person interacts with a series of environmental systems. (micro systems, meso systems, ecosystem, and micro system). Overtime Chrono system.

Microsystem

the immediate settings in which a person functions example family

Mesosystem

In a relationship relationships between micro systems or immediate environment example family events affecting children's interactions at daycare centers

Ecosystem

settings, not experienced directly by individuals, but still influencing their development. Example parents workplace events affecting children's development.

Macrosystems

the larger culture or subculture context of development example local government

Chronosystem

the system that captures the ways changes an environment system, such as social trends, life, events, or pattern over a person's lifetime

Scientific method

an attitude or value about the pursuit of knowledge that dictates that investigators must be objective and must allow data to decide the merits of their theory

Naturalistic observation

a research method in which the scientist observes people as they engage in common everyday activities in their natural habitat. Downsides are people can act differently when they know they are observed.

Structured observation

a research method in which scientist create special conditions designed to illicit the behavior or interest to achieve greater control over the conditions under which they gathered behavioral data. Example a structured experiment.

fMRI

a brain imaging technique that uses magnetic forces to measure the increase in blood flow to an area of the brain that occurs when the brain area is active by having children and adult adults. Perform cognitive task while lying very still in a scanner researchers can determine which part of the brain is involved in particular cognitive activities. Pros cannot be faked and used on everyone.

Correlation

a research technique that involves determining whether two or more variables are related it cannot indicate that one thing cause the other, but it can suggest that a casual relationship exists or allows us to predict one characteristic from our knowledge of the other. Correlation is not causation.

Correlation coefficient

a measure ranging between plus one to negative one of the extent to which two variables or attributes our systematically related to each other and either a positive or negative way

Directionality problem

the problem in correlation studies of determining whether a presumed casual variable is the cause or the effect. Example do people with bad mental health use their phones more or do phones cause bad mental health.

Third variable problem

in correlation studies, the problem posed by the fact that the association between the two variables of the interest may be caused by some third variable

Meta analysis

a research method in which the results of multiple studies, addressing the same question or synthesis to produce overall conclusions

Cross-sectional design

a developmental research design in which different age groups are studied at the same point in time and compared. Discovers cohort effects not age effects.

Age effects

the effects of getting older or of developing

Cohort effects

the effects on findings that the different age groups being compared were born at different times and had different formative experiences

Longitudinal study

a developmental research design in which one group of subjects is studied repeatedly over months or years. It is very expensive, and people tend to drop out due to lack of interest or death.

Time of measurement effects

and developmental research the effects on findings of historical events occurring when the data for a study was being collected example psychological changes brought on by economic depression, rather than as a function of aging

Sequential design

a developmental research design that combines the cross-sectional approach and the digital approach in a single study to compensate for the weaknesses of each. Can reveal both age effects and cohort effects.

WEIRD people

western educated, industrialized, rich and democratic

Ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own culture or ethnic group is superior to others

Research ethics

standards of conduct that investigators or ethically bound to honor to protect their research participants from physical or psychological harm

Species ready

the genetic endowment that members of a particular species have in common, a contributor to universal species traits and patterns of maturation

Natural selection

the evolutionary principle that individuals who have characteristics advantages for survival in particular environments, are most likely to survive and reproduce over many generations. This process of survival of the fittest will lead to changes in a species and development of a new species.

Ethnology

a discipline and theoretical perspective that focuses on the evolved behavior of different species in their natural environments

Slow life history strategy

And evolved approach and safe and predictable environment in which parents are supportive of children, sex, and children bearing are postponed during adolescence until resources are in place to raise a family couples for long-term relationship relationships parents invest energy and raising a small family and children. Have a good chance of surviving.

Fast life, history, strategy

and evolved approach, harsh, and unpredictable environments in which parents are not very supportive of children. Childbearing begins early romantic partners often do not last in children focus on surviving in the President 🇺🇸💵🦅 rather than I'm preparing for the future often found in impoverished communities. This negatively affects development.

Cultural evolution

changes in species achieve not through biological evolution, but through learning and passing on from one generation to the next new ways to adapt to the environment

Conception

the moment of fertilization when the sperm penetrate an ovum forming a zygote

Zygote

a single cell formed a conception from the union of a sperm and an ovum

Chromosome

a thread light structure made up of jeans and humans there are 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell

Meiosis

the process in which a germ cell divides produces sperm or via each containing half of the parent cells original compilation of chromosomes and humans. The product of meiosis normally contains 23 chromosomes. Usually only used in sex cells and diseases.

Mitosis

the process in which is so duplicates its chromosomes and then divide into two genetically identical daughter cells often used in the body to replenish dead cells

DNA

deoxyribose nucleic acid the double helix model whose chemical codes make up chromosomes and serves our genetic endowment

Crossing over

a process in which genetic material is exchanged between pairs of chromosomes during meiosis often during metaphase one

Identical twins

monozygotic, twins, who developed from a single zygote that later divided into forming two genetically identical individuals

Fraternal twins

twins, who are not identical and who result when a mother releases two over at roughly the same time and age is fertilized by a different sperm shares 50% of the DNA

poly genetic inheritance

mechanism of inheritance in which multiple gene pairs interact with environmental factors to influence a trait, example autism dyslexia

Mutation

a change in the structure or arrangement of one or more gene that produced a new phenomenon. Can be good or devastating.

Copy number variation CNV

instances in which a person receives too many or two few copies of a stretch of DNA

Chromosome abnormal

conditions in which a child has two few or too many or incomplete chromosomes because of error information of the sperm or over

Sex chromosome abnormality

a chromosome abnormality in which a child receives too many or two few sex chromosomes

Ultrasound

method of examining physical organs by scanning them with sound waves, often used on the womb to detect abmoralities

Amniocentesis

a method of extracting amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman so that the fetal body cells within the fluid can be tested for chromosome abnormalities in another genetic defects

Chronic villius sampling CVS

an alternative to tone centers in which a catheter is inserted through the cervix to withdraw fetal cells from the chorin from prenatal test, testing to detect, genetic defects

Maternal blood sampling

a non-invasive method for prenatal diagnosis often involving testing for substances and maternal blood

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis

prenatal diagnosis produce in which of mothers eggs are fertilized in a laboratory using in vitro fertilization techniques DNA tests are conducted on the first cells that result from mitosis in which fertilized eggs and only eggs that do not have chromosome moralities origin associated with disorders are implanted in the uterus. Early stages of abortion.

Behavioral gene

the scientific study of the extent to which genetics and environmental differences among individuals are responsible for differences among them and traits, such as intelligence and personality

Hereditable

the amount of variability and a population on some trait dimensions that is attributed to genetic differences among those individuals

Concordance rate

the percentage of cases in which a particular attribute is present for both members of a pair of people if it is present in one member

Schizophrenia

a serious form of mental illness, characterized by disturbance and logical thinking emotional expression, and interpersonal behavior

Shared environmental influences

experiences that individuals living in the same household environment, share, and that work to make them similar

Molecular genetics

the analysis of particular genes in their effects, including the identification of specific genes that influence particular traits in the comparison of animals or humans who have the specific genes in those who do not

Temperament

a genetically based pattern of tendencies to respond and predictable ways the building block of personality

Jean environment interaction

The phenomenon in which the effects of people's genes depends on the kind of environment they experience in which the effects of the environment depend on their genetic endowment example if you predispositioned for psychopath, but have a stable childhood. You are most likely not going to express tendencies. However, not all children who have poor childhood turned to be psychopaths.

Diathesis stress model

the view that psychopathology results from the interaction of a person's predisposition to psychological problems in the experience of stressful events

Differential susceptibility hypothesis

the concept that some people's genetic makeup makes them more reactive than others to both good in bad environmental influences

Orchids

individuals who are highly susceptible to both good and bad environmental influences who thrive an optimal conditions, but wilt in poor condition conditions

Dandelions

individuals who can grow in a variety of environments and less acceptable to environmental influences

Gene environment correlation

a systematic in inner relationship between ones jeans and ones environment ways in which genes influence the kind of home environment provided by parents, the social interactions to the individual and the types of experience once seeks

Passive gene and environment correlation

phenomenon in which because parents provide children with both their genes and home environment, compatibility with those genes the home environment, to which children are exposed our correlated with their genome example both parents are extroverts therefore, the child will be in more situations to be extroverted

Evocation, gene environment, correlation

phenomenon in which children's genotypes evoke certain kinds of reactions from other people so that their genetic makeup and experiences are correlated