APWH 1.1 Amsco

Song Dynasty

Leading example of diversity and innovation in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas during the 13th century.(960-1279, ruled after the Tang Dynasty)

Afro-Eurasia

A landmass consisting of Africa, Asia, and Europe.

Imperial Bureaucracy

Made up of ten to thousands of government officials who are spread across China to make sure the emperors orders were carried out.

metitocracy

The government officials are elected based upon their knowlege and skill.

Civil Service Exam

A test based upon confucian texts which made those who passed government officials regarless of background.

Grand Canal

An inexpensive and efficient internal waterway transportation system that extended 30,000 miles. Allowed China under the Song to become the most populous trading area in the world.

Gunpowder

spread from china to all over eurasia via the silk road. also allowed chinese innovaters to create guns

Champa Rice

Drought resistant strain of rice from the Champa kingdom (located in present day vietnam) which can grow in many agricultural terrians and climates and greatly expanded the agricultural production in china.

Coal

discovery of coal in the 4th century BCE allowed for greater creation of cast iron goods and use it to power machines making china have greatest manufacturing capability in the world.

Steel

Chinese learned how to later take carbon out of cast iron and manufacture steel.

proto-industrialization

set of economic changes which people in rural areas made more goods then they could sell.

artisans

skilled craft workers who produced steel and other products.

Porcelin

highly desired material which was lightweight yet strong (also lightcolor so customizable)

What helped make Navigation easier?

invention of the compass helped with maritime navigation and the print paper charts made trips possible even in open waters.

How did China become the worlds most commercialized society?

Its economy had changed from local consumption to market productions, including porcelain, textiles and tea as the chief exports. Grand canal alos enhanced trade and advancements within naval technologies allowed china to control the trade within the south china sea.

How did china protect traders from bandits?

the great militia of the Tang and song enabled them to protect traders from bandits.

How did the Song promote the growth of a commericial economy?

Taxes, by changing how they built public projects, such as roads and irrigation canals. Instead of requiring people labor upon these projects they instead payed them which also increased the amount of money that was being circulated and in return promoting economic growth.

What was the Tributary system?

An arrangement in which other states had to pay money or provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor. This system has cemented chinas economic and political power among several foreign countries while also creating stability and simulating trade. Emporer expected represenatives to pay tribute permorming a kowtow bow.

Where have people lived throughout of most of chinese history and how have those areas developed?

Majority of people lived in rural areas, later urban areas grew im prominence in this period and at the hieght of the song china was the most urbanized land worldwide containing many citieshosting over 100,000.

What were some significant developments in china due to urbanization?

Life in rural areas grew more complex as well and the bureaucratic expansion created an entirely new social class'(Scholar gentry).

Scholar Gentry

People who were educated in Confucian philosophy became the most influential social class in China. They soon outnumbered the aristocracy.

Artistocracy.

Composed of landowners who inherited their wealth.

Chinas Class Structure

Scholar Gentry → Farmers → Artisans → merchants

What did the lower status of the reflect in terms of Confucianism?

Reflected the confucianism respect for hardwork and creating value as trhe merchants tasks did not require as much physical strength or endurance as they only exchanged goods anddid not produce anything new.

What did the lower rungs of chinese society include?

Included peasants who worked for weathy landowners, usually so they could pay off their debts, and the urban poor. Song government provided such people aid by establishing hospitals where people could recieve free care.

How did the Confucian belifs reflect upon women?

Confucian traditions included both respect for women as well as the expectation they would defer to men. This strengthened during the Tang and Song dynasties.

What was a distinctive constraint upon womens activities in china?

The practice of foot binding became very common among aristocratic families.

What was Foot Binding?

Foot Binding was the practice that required young girls to wrap their feet so tightly their bones did not grow correctly.

Why would women practice Foot Binding?

A bound foot signified social status, which was desirable to suitors. A bound foot meant their wife could not perform manual labor or household tasks as she could barely walk. This indicated that the suitor was rich enough to hire someone who would be able to perform such tasks.

When was Footbinding banned?

1912

How has chinas paper printing progressed?

Chinese had invented paper printing as early as the 2nd century CE. They then developed a system of printing in the 7th century. They were the first country to use woodblock printing, which they later used to print booklets on how to farm efficiently and distribute them.

What methods of production led to agricultural success?

put manure on fields to enrich soils, build irrigation systems using ditches. water wheels, pumps, and terraces used to increase productivity. New heavy plows were pulled by water buffalo or oxen, allowing previously unusable land to be cultivated.

What was the following result of all these changes and improvements within agricukture?

Chinas population increasedfrom 25 percent to 40 percent of the total world population.

What did the development of paper and printing exand?

It expanded the avaliability of books and even though most peasants were illiterate Chinas more privelaged classes hadaccess to such literature .

What did the Tang and Song dynasties emphasis on schooling create?

Created generations of well-rounded business scholars bureaucrats And the confucian scholars did not only just consume literature at great amounts but also werethe major producers of the majority of the literture throughout the era.

How did Buddhism enter China?

Buddhism came to China from its birthplace within India via the silk road. Its presence is evident during the anarchich period between the later Han and SUI dynasties.

What raised buddhisms popularity?

In the 7th century the buddhist monk Xuanzang helped to build buddhism and raise its popularity in China.

What are the 3 forms of buddhism?

Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism, and tibetan buddhism. All came to shape asia and then developed different emphasis.

Theravada Buddhism:

Focused on personal spiritual growth through silent meditation and self-discipline. Also became strongest in Southeast asia.

Mahayana Buddhism

Focused on spiritual growth for all beings and service. Became strongest in China and Korea.

Tibetan Buddhism

Became focused on chanting, most popular in tibet.

What do all three practice?

Four Nobel Truths and the Eight Fold Path.

What are the four noble truths?

Stresses the idea that personal suffering can be removed by eliminating all cravings or desires and by following the Buddhist precepts.

What is the Eight Fold Path?

the precepts that can lead to enlightenment or nirvana.

How did monks introduce buddhism to the Chinese?

The introduced buddhism to the chinese by relating its belifs to Daoist principles. EX buddhisms idea of dharma became translated to “dao” meaning the way.

Chan/Zen Buddhism

The buddhist doctrines combined with elements of Daoist traditions to create the syncretis (or fused) faith.

Daoism

Ancient chinese philosophy and religion emphasizing living in harmony with “Dao” or the “Way”,

How was Zen Buddhism like Dao?

Similar to Daoism, Zen Buddhism emphasized direct experience and meditation as opposed to formal learning based on studying scripture.

How did Buddhism become so popular in China?

Due to its fusion with Chinese belifs and Daoism it became very popular. Monastries appeared in most major cities.

What are Monsteries

Buildings where Monks lived together.

Why did the presence of the monasteries become a problem for the Tang Bureaucracy?

Many of the Tang leaders had trouble accepting that a foreign language would have such an impact on society. Buddhisms popularity drew individuals away from Chinas native religions (Daoism and Confucianism) and made Daoist and Confucianists jealous.

Which religion remained popular among the ordinary chinese citizens?

Chan Buddhism remained popular among ordinary chinese citizens despite monasteries’ closures and land seizures.

How did the Song dynasty treat Buddhism in comparison to the Tang?

The Song Dynasty was somewhat more friendly towards Buddhism but did not go out of its way to promote it.

What religions did the Song Dynasty favor?

The Song Dynasty preferred to emphasize Chinas native traditions instead, such as Confucianism and Daoism. Buddhism still had a strong presence and a lot of Confucians began to adopt these ideals into their lives.

How did the development of printing correlate with Buddhism?

The development of printing made Buddhist scriptures widely available to the Confucian scholar gentry.

What is filial piety?

The Confucian idea that the duty of family members to subordinate their desires to those of the male head of the family and to the ruler.

How did filial piety help the Song maintain rule in China?

The emphasis on RESPECT helped the Song maintain rule in china as the rulers were heavily respected aswell.

When did Neo-Confucianism evolve in China?

770-840

What was Neo-Confucianism?

It was a new incarnation of Confucianism that emphasized ethics rather than the mysteries of God and nature. It was a syncretic system that combined rational thought with the more abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism.

Where did Neo-Confucianism gain popularity?

In the countries in China’s orbit, including Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.

What is an important dynamic in the histories of Japan, Korea, and Vietnam?

Each country’s relationship with China.

What made China the “world’s most powerful realm” when it was unified?

Its political strength, economic wealth, religious traditions, intellectual advances, and technological innovations.

How did China’s smaller neighbors benefit from being so close to China?

They were able to access many of the innovations etc. china had created.

What was a struggle for the countries near China?

They faced a challenge when it came to maintaining their own distinctive cultures.

What did the issue of sinification mean?

the assimilation of Chinese traditions and practices.

Why did Japan have more ability to control its interactions with china when in comparision to Korea or Vietnam?

Japan was separated from China by sea and had more say in what stuck and what didn’t.

What were some impacts of Chinese Culture in Japan?

Japans Prince Shotoku Taishi (574-622) promoted buddhism and Confucianism along with Japans Shintoism. Japan learned to do Woodblock printing from China. During the Heian period (794-1185) Japan imitated Chinese traditions in politics, art, and literature.

How did Japan still keep its culture while adopting such Chinese practices?

Ex. Japanese writers moved in a different and new direction, and in the 11th century, a Japanese writer composed the world’s first novel which was about a Japanese prince and his life at court and his many romances. It was called “The Tale of Genji”.

What kind of a society had Japan been for hundreds of years?

Japan had been a feudal society without a centralized government for hundreds of years.

What did Japans feudal society end up causing?

This ended up causing landowning aristocrats (called the daimyo) to fight for the control of land while the rest of the population worked as rice farmers.

How was Japanese Feudalism similar to European Feudalism?

Both featured very little social mobility, and both systems were built upon hereditary hierarchies.

What were the 3 groups in Japan?

The SERFS (born into economic dependency), the SAMURAI (born into roles as protectors), and the DAIMYA (born into lives of privilege).

What were the 3 groups in Europe?

Serfs, Knights, Nobles.

What distinguishes Japanese feudalism from European Feudalism?

Daimyo enjoyed much more power than the European nobility. The Daimyo ruled over vast stretches of land and in reality, were more powerful than the emperor and shogun. While Europe’s hierarchy placed the monarch over the nobility.

What code did the ideal knight hold in Europe?

held the code of chivalry, with duty to the countrymen, with duty to God, with duty to women, the last expressed through courtly love and the virtues of gentleness and graciousness.