Faraday's Law

Faraday’s First Law

The mass of a chemical deposited or produced at the cathode or consumed at the anode is directly proportional to the quantity of electrical charge or coloumbs carried by the cell.

Faraday’s Second Law

The coeffcients of n(e) in a reduction half equation is proportional to the charge on the ion

Equilibrium

When a chemical reaction reaches equilibrium, the quantities of the reactants and products in the reaction remain unchanged. The rates of the forward and backwards reactions remain the same.

Electrolysis

a process that produces a non-spontaneous redox reaction by the passage of electrical energy from a power supply from a conducting liquid.

Semipermeable

a barrier to prevent mixing of the products from each electrode, resulting in a spontaneous reaction. It also prevents Cl− ions from moving into the compartment near the negative electrode and therefore contaminating the NaOH produced.

Rate of a reaction

is defined as the change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time. rate = change in concerntration/time

According to collision theory for a reaction to occur, the reactant particles must

collide with each other, collide with sufficient energy to break bonds within the reactants. collide with the correct orientation to break bonds within the reactants and allow the formation of new products

The minimum energy that a collision must posses for a reaction to occur is called the

activation energy

When does transition state occur

at the stage of maximum potential energy in the reaction

Transition State

an arrangement of atoms in a reaction that occurs when sufficient energy is absorbed for the activation energy to be reached. It represents the stage of maximum potential energy in the reaction. Bond breaking and bond making are both occuring at this stage, and the arrangement of the atoms are unstable.

Conditions that can be changed in a reaction

temperature of the reaction, catalyst, surface area of reactants, concerntration of the reactants in a solution, pressure of the reactants in the solution, pressure of any gas reactants.

Open system

in which matter and energy can be exchanged with the surroundings.

Closed System

in which only energy can only be exchanged with surroundings.

Equilibrium

the quantities of the reactants and products remain unchanged