FINAL TEST REVIEW - HUMAN BIOLOGY

Explain the meaning of the term homeostasis.

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body despite external changes.

Discuss the role of scientists in helping us solve economic, social, and ethical dilemmas.

Scientists provide evidence and innovations to help society address economic, social, and ethical challenges responsibly.

Distinguish between an organ and an organ system.

An organ is a structure of tissues with a specific function, while an organ system is a group of organs working together.

Name the four main types of tissue in the human body, and list their main functions.

Epithelial covers, connective supports, muscle enables movement, and nervous transmits signals.

Compare and contrast the structures and functions of the three types of blood vessels.

Arteries carry blood away under pressure, veins return it with valves, and capillaries exchange gases and nutrients.

Name the one hormone that has a stimulatory effect on the heart (increases heart rate). Where is the hormone released?

Adrenaline, released by the adrenal glands, increases heart rate.

List the five functions of bone.

Bones support, protect, store minerals, make blood cells, and enable movement.

Describe how a vaccine produces immunity from a specific disease.

A vaccine trains the immune system by exposing it to a harmless form of a pathogen to create memory cells.

Distinguish between bronchi and bronchioles.

Bronchi are larger tubes that branch into the lungs, while bronchioles are smaller branches leading to alveoli.

Distinguish between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS consists of nerves that connect the CNS to the body.

List the three major divisions of the brain, and identify their general functional roles.

The cerebrum controls thinking, the cerebellum coordinates movement, and the brainstem regulates vital functions.

Discuss the purpose of homeostasis in the body and why it is important. Give an example.

Homeostasis keeps conditions optimal for cell function, like keeping body temperature steady.

Describe the phases of the uterine cycle.

The uterine cycle has menstrual (shedding), proliferative (lining rebuilds), and secretory (prepares for pregnancy) phases.

Name the three accessory glands of the male reproductive system.

The seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands add fluids to semen.

Describe what is happening in the uterus that leads to menstruation (include hormone release) and explain why menstruation does not occur during pregnancy.

Pregnancy maintains hormone levels to keep the uterine lining intact, preventing menstruation.

Compare and contrast a benign tumor and a malignant tumor.

Benign tumors stay localized and grow slowly, while malignant tumors invade tissues and can spread.

Describe the impact a carcinogen has on a cell.

A carcinogen damages DNA and disrupts normal cell growth control.

Describe the key changes in cancer cells that allow them to metastasize.

Cancer cells gain the ability to invade tissues, enter the bloodstream, and spread to new sites.

Explain what causes most skin cancers.

Most skin cancers are caused by DNA damage from UV radiation.

Describe the role the immune system plays in preventing different types of cancer.

The immune system destroys abnormal cells before they grow into tumors.

Describe how tumors are diagnosed.

Tumors are diagnosed through imaging, biopsy, and lab tests to check for abnormal cells.

Where do we get the two copies we have of every gene?

We inherit one copy of each gene from each parent.

Describe what is meant by sex-linked inheritance.

Sex-linked inheritance refers to genes carried on the X or Y chromosomes that affect traits.

What is the difference between a gene and an allele?

A gene is a section of DNA coding for a trait, while an allele is a specific version of that gene.