Acids, Bases, and Equilibrium - Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards reviewing key concepts, definitions, naming rules, and conjugate acid-base pairs from Chapter 10: Acids and Bases.

Clinical Laboratory Technician

A healthcare professional who prepares specimens for the detection of cancerous tumors, types blood samples for transfusions, and interprets and analyzes test results for physicians.

Acidus

The Latin word meaning "sour," from which the word "acid" is derived.

Arrhenius Acid

A substance that produces hydrogen ions ($H^+$) when dissolved in water, acts as an electrolyte, tastes sour, turns blue litmus red, and corrodes some metals.

Arrhenius Base

A substance that produces hydroxide ions ($OH^-$) in water, tastes bitter or chalky, acts as an electrolyte, feels soapy and slippery, turns litmus indicator paper blue, and turns phenolphthalein indicator pink.

Hydro- Prefix Naming Rule

The naming rule for acids containing a hydrogen ion ($H^+$) and a nonmetal (or $CN^-$), where the prefix hydro- is added and the name ends with -ic acid (for example, $HCl$ is hydrochloric acid).

-ate to -ic Naming Rule

The naming rule for acids containing a hydrogen ion ($H^+$) and a polyatomic ion ending in -ate, where the suffix is changed from -ate to -ic acid (for example, $ClO_3^-$ chlorate becomes $HClO_3$ chloric acid).

-ite to -ous Naming Rule

The naming rule for acids containing a hydrogen ion ($H^+$) and a polyatomic ion ending in -ite, where the suffix is changed from -ite to -ous acid (for example, $ClO_2^-$ chlorite becomes $HClO_2$ chlorous acid).

Calcium Hydroxide

An inorganic compound with the formula $\text{Ca(OH)}_2$, also known as slaked lime, used in the food industry to produce beverages and in dentistry as a filler for root canals.

Arrhenius Base Naming Rule

The convention of naming typical Arrhenius bases as hydroxides (for example, $NaOH$ is sodium hydroxide and $Ba(OH)_2$ is barium hydroxide).

Brønsted–Lowry Acid

A substance that donates a hydrogen ion ($H^+$) in a chemical reaction.

Brønsted–Lowry Base

A substance that accepts a hydrogen ion ($H^+$) in a chemical reaction.

Hydronium Ion

The positive polyatomic ion ($H_3O^+$) formed when a water molecule accepts a hydrogen ion ($H^+$).

Conjugate Acid–Base Pair

Two substances related by the loss and gain of a single hydrogen ion ($H^+$); one pair functions in the forward reaction and the other in the reverse reaction.

Conjugate Base

The species formed after a Brønsted–Lowry acid donates a hydrogen ion ($H^+$).

Conjugate Acid

The species formed after a Brønsted–Lowry base accepts a hydrogen ion ($H^+$).

Guide to Writing Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs

A three-step process: Step 1: Identify the reactant that loses $H^+$ as the acid. Step 2: Identify the reactant that gains $H^+$ as the base. Step 3: Write the conjugate acid–base pairs.

Litmus Indicator

An acid-base indicator paper that turns red in acidic solutions and blue in basic solutions.

Phenolphthalein Indicator

An acid-base indicator that remains colorless in acidic solutions and turns pink in basic solutions.