RAIDERS OF SULU SEA

Barbarian Outlaws or Pirates

Who were the 'Raiders of the Sulu Sea' primarily referred to as by Western colonists?

Zamboanga City

What city in the southernmost Philippines was protected by Fort del Pilar?

Boring a hole through their palm and putting a string through it

According to the sources, what was one common method the Ilanun Raiders used to secure captured people?

Spanish

Which European power colonised Zamboanga City in the sixteenth century?

British-built Steamships

What critical naval technology, introduced by Governor-General Claveria, gave the Spanish a decisive advantage over the Raiders?

Ilanun, Samal, Tausug, Balangingi

Which three main tribes were identified as comprising the 'Moros' by the Spanish, who would challenge Spanish authority?

To propagate Christianity

What was a primary motivation for the Spanish conquest of the Philippines, beyond seeking wealth from the colonies?

A double-edged and either smooth or wavy blade

The Kris or Kalis, a sword used by the Raiders, was described as having what unique blade characteristic for effectiveness in combat?

On Spanish soil

The Spanish referred to the slave Raiders as 'Moros' because they were reminiscent of the Muslim fighters they had previously encountered in what location?

4th century

The ancient maritime civilisation in Butuan, evidenced by unearthed seaworthy vessels and artefacts, was found to have existed as early as what century?

It was slower than any other seagoing vessel of its time.

Which of the following statements about the Garay, a fast attack boat of the Samal raiding tribes, is NOT true according to the sources?

The term is misleading as most of these raids were sanctioned by the sultanate or were acts of retaliation against a foreign occupier

According to historians, what was a key argument against simply calling the Raiders from the southern Philippines 'pirates'?

It was strategically located along an important sea route between the northern and southern regions of the Philippines.

What made Zamboanga City geographically valuable and strategically important for the Spanish colonists?

Acts of defiance and retaliation against foreign occupation, aiming to maintain or increase their power against Spanish commercial interests and for the cause of Islam.

What primary motivations drove the Sultanate in the South to defy the Spanish by targeting Christian communities and attacking Spanish forces?

It took several tedious steps to reload and was not an efficient weapon for close combat, even with bayonets.

What was a significant limitation of the Spanish musket, compared to the Raiders' swords, during close combat?

the flourishing of international trade in the region (e.g., with China and India), which Europeans sought to control, thereby increasing the demand for specific products and the labour to acquire them.

The intensity and frequency of slave raiding expeditions by the Ilanun increased significantly by the mid-18th century, extending as far as the Straits of Malacca. What larger economic and geopolitical context contributed to this escalation?

They killed their own women and children, preferring self-destruction over being taken captive by the Spaniards.

During the Spanish assault on the forts of Balanguingui Island, when faced with certain capture, what desperate act did the Raiders resort to?

As an undermining of their commercial interests and a challenge to their existing power in the region, leading to a clash of ideologies and a struggle for dominance.

The conflict between the Spanish and the Muslim South was complex. While the Spanish sought to prevent the spread of Islam and propagate Christianity, how did the Muslim Sultanates primarily perceive the Spanish presence beyond just a religious threat?

He employs diplomacy as his primary tool, rather than engaging in warfare with the sword

Halman Abubakar, a direct descendant of Tausug rulers, champions the cause of his people today. In what fundamental way does his approach to protecting his people's heritage and cause differ from that of his warrior ancestors?

The drying up of the market for slaves by the 1870s, which severely impacted the Tausug economy that had heavily relied on slave trading for revenue.

While the introduction of steamships significantly impacted the Raiders' naval capabilities, the sources suggest that the ultimate decline and end of large-scale slave-raiding activities by the late 19th century was also intrinsically linked to what major economic factor?