Patho Chapter 1 Terms

Seven Steps to health

1) do not smoke

2) 5-10 servings of fruits and veggies

3) be physically active

4) sun protection

5) cancer screening guidelines

6) doctor/dentist visits

7) properly dispose of hazardous materials

Primary Prevention

Preventing disease before it occurs.

Secondary Prevention

screening and early detection

Tertiary Prevention

Treating a disease

What are the stages of the research process?

1. Identify

2. Test

3. Double-blind clinical trials

disease

deviation from normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system

pathophysiology

The study of how disease processes affect the function of the body

health

physical, mental, and social well-being

gross level

organ or system level

microscopic level

cellular level

biopsy

removal of small amounts of living tissue

autopsy

examination of the body and organs after death

diagnosis

identification of a disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms and lab tests

etiology

causative factors in a specific disease

What are the agents of etiology

congenital defects

genetic disorders

immunological dysfunctions

degenerative changes

malignancy

metabolic and nutritional problems

idiopathic

The cause of the disease is unknown

iatrogenic

disease produced by treatment

Predisposing Factors

age, gender, inherited factors, environment

prophylaxis

a process or measure that prevents disease

prevention

vaccines, diet, lifestyle

Pathogenesis

development of disease

insidious

gradual progression with mild symptoms

acute disease

Symptoms develop rapidly, but the disease lasts only a short time

chronic

develops gradually, is mild, and persists for a long time

Subclinical state

Changes occur, but no obvious manifestations are exhibited

Latent state

No symptoms or clinical signs are evident

prodromal period

early development of the disease, where signs are nonspecific or absent

Manifestations

clinical evidence or effects with signs/symptoms

Local Manifestations

found at the site of the problem

Systemic Manifestations

general indicators of illness, such as fever

Signs

objective indicators of disease

symptoms

subjective feelings

lesions

specific local changes in the tissue

syndrome

collection of signs and symptoms

diagnostic tests

Lab tests ordered based on signs/ med history

remission

period when manifestations subside

Exacerbation

worsening or severity

Precipitating factor

condition that triggers an acute episode

Complications

New secondary or additional problems

sequalae

potential unwanted outcomes

convalescence or rehabilitation

period of recovery and return to the normal healthy state

prognosis

defines the probability or likelihood for recovery

Morbidity

disease rates within groups

mortality

# of deaths resulting from a disease

epidemiology

tracking the occurrence of disease

How is occurrence tracked (2 factors)

incidence and prevalence

incidence

Number of new cases in a time period.

prevalence

# of new, old, and existing cases within a population and time period

epidemic

high # of cases in a specific area

pandemic

high number of infectious diseases across the globe

communicable

contagious

reportable disease

Those diseases that must be reported to health authorities by law.

atrophy

decrease in the size of cells

Hypertrophy

increase in cell size resulting in enlarged tissue mass

Hyperplasia

increase in the number of cells

Metaplasia

A mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type

dysplasia

Cells vary in size and shape, and multiple nuclei are present

Anaplasia

undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures

Neoplasia

development of a tumor

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

necrosis

tissue death that is irreversible and black

ischemia

decreased supply of oxygenated blood to tissue

Hypoxia

reduced oxygen in tissues

Pyroptosis

Intracellular microorganisms induce cell death

Infarction

dead cells from lack of oxygen

Liquefaction necrosis

Dead cells liquefy due to the release of cell enzymes

Coagulative necrosis

Cell proteins are altered or denatured - coagulation

Caseous necrosis

coagulation necrosis,Thick, yellowish "cheesy" substance forms

gangrene

area of necrotic tissue that is invaded by bacteria