abnormal psych midterm 2

define stressors

a difficult life circucmstance or event that places a physical or psychological demand on a person

• can be both positive and negative

what are the names of the 4 potential outcomes from trauma/stress related disorders?

resilience

• stable functioning, few symptoms

recovery

• initial distress, symptoms reduce over time

delayed symptoms

• initial distress, worsens over time with added symptoms

chronic symptoms

• initial distress symptoms after trauma, consistenly continues across lifespan

what are common stressors related to adjustment disorder?

family issues, divorce, academic failure, harassment, medical issues, bullying, loss of job, financial issues, breakup, etc

• any potential stressful change/adjustment

how many symptoms must someone have to be diagnosed with acute stress disorder?

must have at least 9 symptoms form symptom clusters

• ex: intrusion, avoidance, neg alteration in mood arousal and reactivity changes

must persist for at least 3 days, no longer than 1 month after traumatic event

• if continues, PTSD diagnosis given

define post traumatic stress disorder

a condition characterized by flashbacks, hypervigillance, avoidance and other symptoms that last for more than 1 month and that occur as a result of exposure to extreme trauma

with ptsd, how long may symptoms be delayed for after a trauma occurs?

symptoms may have delayed start

• up to 6 months after trauma

define fear extinction

the elimination of conditioned fear responses associated with a trauma

what are the 4 types of psychophysiological disorders?

coronary heart disease

hypertension

headaches/migraines

asthma

what are the behavioral/physical risk factors of cvd?

poor eating habits, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, cholesterol, obesity, lack of physical activity

what symptoms are migraines and cluster headaches accompanied by?

accompanied by nausea, vomitting, hypersenitivity to stimuli

define somatic symptoms

broad grouping of psychological disorders that involve physical symptoms or anxiety over illness

• physical or bodily symptoms

define dissociative disorders

a group of disorders which involve some sort of dissociation, or separation, of a part of the person’s consciousness, memory, or identity

what type of testing is done for somatic symptom disorder, and what is it trying to rule out?

diagnostic testing rules out disease/physical conditions including chronic pain

what does it take to be diagnosed with illness anxiety disorder?

must be present for at least 6 months and have impairment due to excessive/disproportionate worry about situation

what types of cognitions are associated with illness anxiety disorder?

cognitions brings misinterpretations of bodily sensations which lead to

• catastrophizing, overgeneralizing, or focused attention on life-threatening medical information

what are examples of the physical impairments associated with conversion disorder?

muscle weakness, paralysis, unusual movements, swallowing difficulties, problems with speech, seizures, or loss of sensation

what are the two types of factitious disorders and how are they different?

factitious disorder imposed on self

• symptoms of illness are deliberately induced, simulated, or exaggerated with no apparent external incentive

  • provide attention, support, and social relationships individual may not have; “remarkable willingness” to undergo dangerous treatment, angry if illness is questioned, and has involvement with multiple doctors

factitious disorder imposed on another

• a pattern of falsification or production of physical or psychological symptoms in another individual

  • may be overly loving/attentive, but induces sabotage to the child’s health

what are the 4 types of dissociative amnesia?

localized

• lack of memory for a specific event

  • event often highlt painful or disturbing

systematized

• loss of memory for certain categories of information

  • may be unable to recall memories of dead relatives

selective amnesia

• inability to remember certain details of an event

  • ex: criminals experience sa when remembering argument, but not hurting another person

repressed memory

• memory of a traumatic event has been repressed and is, therefore, unavailable for recall

  • exposure to trauma overwhelming, memory of trauma may be gone for a period of time or for good

define depersonalization/derealization disorder

dissociative condition characterized by feelings of unreality concerning the self and the environment

• feelings of detachment, being an observer of one’s own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

what do we know about alternate personality states (alters) associated with dissociative identity disorder?

alternate personality states are called alters

• may be aware of each other

• have different mannerisms, voices, personality characteristics, sexual orientations, accents, or gender

• exist to help individuals deal with highly stressful situations

what are the causes for DID under the psychological and social dimensions?

psychological dimension

• repression protects from painful memories

• inability to deal with traumatic experiences

social dimensions

• not having social support after traumatic experience

  • child abuse or trauma

• unintentional suggestion from therapist

define rumination

continually thinking about certain topics or repeatedly reviewing distressing events

what type of disorder does rumination show up in and what type of symptom is it?

depression

• cognitive symptom

what are the emotional and physiological symptoms related to mania?

emotional

• emotional lability

  • unstable and rapidly changing emotions/mood

• grandiosity

  • overvaluation of one’s importance/significance

• high spirits, full of energy/enthusiam or uncharacteristically irritable

• may react with hostility

physiological

• decreased need for sleep - often first sign of onset

• increase physical activity

• increased libido, may lead to risky sexual activity

• weight loss from high energy output

how long does MDD have to go on for to be diagnosed?

impairment of functioning for most of the day, nearly every day for at least two weeks

what is the difference between MDD and PDD?

PDD - chronic, pervasive, but less intense version of MDD

what is the goal for behavioral Activation Therapy for depression?

focus on increasing participation in enjoyable activites and social interactions

• goal: improve modd by actively engaging in life

define cyclothymic disorder

milder but more chronic form of bipolar diorder that consists of alternation between hypomanic episodes and mild depressive episodes over a period of at least 2 years

define rapid cycling disorder

a diagnosis given when a person has four or more cycles of mania and depression within 1 year

what is the most prevalent type of bipolar disorder?

cyclothymia (?)

which dimension holds the most weight for bipolar disorders?

biological dimension

what medications help the most for bipolar disorders?

mood stabilizers (lithum)