Bones Test Study Guide

Number of Bones in the Adult Body

206

5 Functions of the Skeletal System

Protect organs, supports body and gives shape, allows for movement of muscles, provides mineral storage, hematopoietic activity

Layers of the Bone (Outside to Inside)

Periosteum, compact bone, medullary canal, endosteum, yellow bone marrow

Minerals of the Bones

35% Organic material, 65% Inorganic material

Formation of the Bone

-The collagenous protein fibers secrete Osteoblasts

-Cartilage is deposited between the fibers

-8th week of embryonic development Ossification begins (hardening)

-Bones ossify from the Diaphysis towards the epiphyseal (center towards the ends)

-Bones increase in size by Osteoblast

-Dissolution of the bone from the medullary canal results from Osteoclasts  (cells that secrete enzymes)

Bone Types

Long Bones, Flat Bones, Irregular Bones, and Short Bones

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

Closed Fracture

Bone is broken but inside the skin

Open Compound Fracture

Bone is broken and outside of the skin

Transverse Fracture

Fracture that is horizontal on the bone

Oblique Fracture

Diagonal Fracture

Greenstick Fracture

Seen in children where one side is tact and other side is splintered. Femur can break with 1700 psi

Stages of Fracture Healing

Stage 1: Hematoma formation: A blood clot forms where the bone is broken due to torn blood vessels 

Stage 2: Soft callus formation: Fibrocartilage and collagen form a soft callus 

Stage 3: Hard callus formation: Osteoblasts deposit new bone tissue into the soft callus, transforming cartilage into bone 

Stage 4: Remodeling: Excess material is removed and compact bone is produced.

Diarthroses

Moveable Joints

Amphiarthroses

Partially Moveable Joints

Synarthroses

Immovable Joints

Understand

Ball Socket Joints, Hinge Joints, Pivot Joints

Flexion

Bringing together 2 bones

Extension

Increasing the angle between two bones

Abduction

Away from the midline

Adduction

Towards the midline

Circumduction

Includes flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

Rotation

Moves around one axis

Pronation

Forearms turns the palms backwards/downwards

Supination

Palm is forward/upward

Diseases

Arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteosarcoma, rickets, osteomyelitis