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go-to-market strategy
blueprint to deliver a firm’s offering to end-users in their preferred mode and method of buying
must perform analysis of industry channel practices to isolate critical successful factors
identify areas of improvement
develop policies and procedures to incentivize and alter channel partner's’ behaviors to motivate efficient execution of channel tasks
marketing channel
comprosied of inter/independent organizations that work to go to market with a product or service, so that it is avalaible for use or consumption
showrooming
visit physical stores but buy online
channel captain
takes most interest in the making of the channel for the product or the service
private label product
manufacturers make product but do not invest in the branded name for them
channel intermediary
perform a specific function
not typically heavily involved in the core business represented by products
online channels
known as ecommerce
direct retaining, order products through internet
omni-channel
integrates functions that allow customers to shop- research, purchase, communicate, engage with and consume the brand
“consumer engagement” is central to omni-channel approaches; they explicitly seek customer experience through efforts that rely on social
media, email, web links, mobile platforms, store visits, promotional efforts, etc.
multi-channel
Entails leveraging multiple channels that
operate relatively independently
Operate as clearly separate entities
Consumers engage in cross-channel
shopping by switching among online,
mobile, and physical platforms during a
transaction
disintermediation
the ability to remove or circumvent well-entrenched intermediaries from the marketing channel and its value chain
nine channel functions
physical possession
ownership
promotion
negotiation
financing
risking
ordering
payment
information sharing
service gap
amount of service supplied is less than service demanded or the amount of service supplied is greater than the amount of service demanded
marketing channels
set of interdependent organizations that act as teams and operate on trust
key channel functions
carrying or holding inventory
generating demand
distributing products
service before or after the sale
extending credit
channel intensity
number of channel partners competing for customers
marketing channel audits
identify targeted segments of end users
evaluate channel members capabilities to deliver value to target segment
describe the types and amount of work being done by each channel member
the importance of each member to end user
the share of total channel profits each member should reap
gap analysis
gaps in a channel can arise becuase management has not carefully thought about target end-users’ demand for service outputs or cost of running their channel
cost gaps
total cost of performing all channel functions is too high
3 approaches to managing channels
exert power
build relationships
manage conflict
use of power
the ability of one channel member to get another channel member to do something it otherwise would not have done
power comes when utility is high and/or alternatives are scarce
5 sources of channel power
reward power- provide incentives
coercive power- power of punishment
expert power- special knowledge or expertise
legitimate power- legal authority or the norm
referent power- prestige via association
6 power bases influence strategies
promise: if you do what we wish, we will reward you
threat: if you don’t do what we wish, we will punish you
legalistic: you do what we wish, because you agreed to
request: please do what we wish
information exchange: pursue a discussion about the profitable way to run a business without mentioning exactly what we want
recommendation: you would be more profitable if you do what we wish
channel relationship quality
commitment, trust, satisfaction
commitment
one organization wants the relationship to continue into the given future
trust
two way communication, a reputation for fair dealing, a long standing, stable relationship, balance power, and combined stakes
essential to strong relationship
believe in its integrity and concern for mutual well-being
satisfaction
positive, affective response to economic rewards generated by a channel relationship
two drivers: absence of dysfunctional conflict and coercion
channel management
motivating and incentivizing members to maximize the common good
continuity expectations
expectation that prospective partners will be doing business for a long time
commitment trust theory
trust leads to commitment
5 phases of relationships in channels
awareness
exploration
expansion
commitment
decline/dissolution
latent conflict
inevitable collision between channel members that pursue their own separate goals, strive to maintain their autonomy, and compete for limited resources
manifest conflict
expressed visibly through behaviors (i.e. blocking each other’s initiatives or goal achievement, withdrawing support)
functional conflict
implies that members recognize each other’s contributions and understand that their success depends on others, so they can oppose each other without damaging their arrangement
agency theory
competing goals create conflict in a principal-agent relationship
gray markets
Gray marketing is the sale of authorized, branded products
through unauthorized channels
counterfeit products
selling of fake goods/knock-offs, which is illegal around most parts of the world
personnel exchanges
institutional vehicle seek to turn channel members’ focus toward devising solutions rather than engaging in conflict
arbitration
allows third party to make decision, and both
parties agree to honor the final and binding decision
4 approaches to conflict resolution
information intensive mechanism: create better means to share information
third party mechanism: introduce third parties that are not involved in the channel
building relational norms: entail expectations about behavior, shared by all members
using incentives: appealing to economic self interests
channel conflict
when behavior by one channel member is in opposition to the wishes of channel counterparts
not all conflict is bad
conflict can improve the channel when it is dealt with effectively and appropriately
types of retailers
department stores
specialty store
mail order/catalog
convenience store
category killer
discount store
hypermarket
warehouse club
hypermarket
food and nonfood items
supermarket
food items
warehouse clubs
large quantities at whole sale price
department stores
wide assortment of products or services
specialty stores
narrow product assortment
convenience stores
mini-version of grocery store
retailing
“shopping”
hyrbid retail channels
combination of online and brick-and-mortar retail
brick and mortar retail channel
physical storefront
online retail channel
online storefront