Biology 2024-2025 Final Exam Review

Biology Final Exam Review Flashcards

Ecology

Interactions of organisms with each other and their environment.

Biomass

Total mass of living organisms in a given area.

Habitat

Specific place within an ecosystem providing necessary resources for a species.

Mutualism

Relationship where both organisms benefit.

Commensalism

Relationship where one organism benefits, the other is unaffected.

Parasitism

Relationship where one organism benefits, the other is harmed.

Pioneer Species

Organisms that initially populate a barren area, often producers like mosses or lichens.

Law of Segregation

Two factors (alleles/forms of gene) separate during egg and sperm formation

Law of Independent Assortment

Chromosomes and genes sort randomly and independently of each other when reproductive cells are formed.

Pedigree

Family tree tracking inheritance of traits.

Mutations

Changes in DNA sequence.

Transcription

Making mRNA from DNA.

Translation

Turning mRNA into amino acid sequences (proteins).

mRNA

mRNA carries the DNA instructions from nucleus to ribosome

tRNA

tRNA brings the amino acids to the ribosome

rRNA

rRNA actually makes up the structure of the ribosomes

Evolution

Change in living things over time

Natural Selection

Darwin believed that living things are born with variations in their traits, due to mutations and that these variations can give some species an advantage to survival in their environment.

Homologous Structures

Organs similar in structure and location, but not necessarily function.

Analogous Structures

Organs similar in appearance (due to similar environments) but not the same in structure.

Fossils

Remains of once living things found in layers of rock under the Earth’s surface

Ecology

Study of living things and their interactions with each other and their environment

Population

Group of organisms of the same species living together in a habitat.

Community

All living organisms in the same habitat.

Ecosystem

All living and nonliving things in a particular area.