Psych 255-Lecture 2

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39 Terms

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What are the three ways of measuring brains and associating them with intelligence?

  • Relating brain size and behavior

  • Counting brain cells

  • brain cell connections

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What is a topographic map?

A map representing the different functional areas of the brain

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Connectome maps

Represents the connections through which each of these regions influences each other

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Heterochronicity

Accounts for larger human brain and other distinctive features

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What is the radiator hypothesis?

To increase the size of the car’s engine, you have to increase the size of the radiator that cools it: essentially the radiator in this case is the circulating blood and increases to allow the brain to increase

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heterochrony

The study of processes that regulate the onset and end-of-life stages and their developmental speed and duration

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Neoteny

Juvenile stages of predecessors become adult features of descendants

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Howard Gardner

proposed that humans have a number of intelligences each dependent on the function of a particular brain region(s)

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Alex Mesoudi

suggests that cultural elements, ideas, behaviors, or styles that spread form person-to-person can be studied within an evolutionary framework (memes)

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brain plasticity

neural tissue has the capacity to change in response to the world by changing how its organized

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Phenotypic plasticity

The individual’s capacity to develop a range of phenotypes

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Afferent neurons

Sensory (incoming) neurons that send information coming in and towards the central nervous system

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Efferent neurons

Motor (outgoing) neurons that send information away from the central nervous system

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Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

carry sensory information into the CNA and carry motor information from the CNS to the body’s muscle and tissue

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Somatic neurons

Gather sensory information from the CNS and convey information from the CNS to move muscles

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Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

Includes the spinal cord and cranial nerves carrying sensory information to the CNS from the muscles, joints, and skin

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Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

produces the rest and digest responses through the parasympathetic nerves

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Enteric nervous system (ENS)

Formed by a mesh of neurons embedded in the lining of the gut, controls the gut

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Dorsal

Structures atop the brain or a structure within the brain

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Ventral

Structures towards the bottom of the brain or

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Medial

towards the midline of the brain

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lateral

pushing towards the outside

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Anterior

frontal lobes, in front of the brain

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Posterior/caudal

occipital lobes, in the back

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Coronal section (frontal)

cuts on the vertical plane, from the crown of the head down slicing the temporal lobe and creating a frontal view

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Describe a horizontal section

cuts on the horizontal plane, usually viewed from above and creates a dorsal view

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Describe a sagittal section

lengthwise cut from the front to the back and viewed from the side produces a medial view

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What is a midsagittal section?

A sagittal section in which the slice is made directly down the middle

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Brain-body orientation

Illustrates brain structure location from the frame of reference of the human face

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Spatial orientation

Illustrates the structure location in relation to other body parts and body orientation

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Anatomical orientation

Illustrates the direction of a cut or section through the human brain from the perspective of a viewer

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What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

Anatomical and functional

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Harry Jerison

Relates brain size and body size

he calculated that as body size increases, brain size increases by about 2/3 the increase in body weight

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What is the encephalon quotient? (EQ)

A numerical value that takes the measured brain size from an actual and experimental measure and compares the two

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How does the EQ graph relate brain size to intelligence?

Species below the line have a smaller brain and a lower EQ, species lying above the line have a larger brain than expected for that species and a higher EQ

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What did Fonseca-Azevedo propose?

Described that by counting brain cells, they can estimate the number of neurons in the brain or that part of the brain and the neuron’s packing density

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Inferior

Below

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Superior

Above

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Rostral

towards the beak (front) of the animal