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What are the three ways of measuring brains and associating them with intelligence?
Relating brain size and behavior
Counting brain cells
brain cell connections
What is a topographic map?
A map representing the different functional areas of the brain
Connectome maps
Represents the connections through which each of these regions influences each other
Heterochronicity
Accounts for larger human brain and other distinctive features
What is the radiator hypothesis?
To increase the size of the car’s engine, you have to increase the size of the radiator that cools it: essentially the radiator in this case is the circulating blood and increases to allow the brain to increase
heterochrony
The study of processes that regulate the onset and end-of-life stages and their developmental speed and duration
Neoteny
Juvenile stages of predecessors become adult features of descendants
Howard Gardner
proposed that humans have a number of intelligences each dependent on the function of a particular brain region(s)
Alex Mesoudi
suggests that cultural elements, ideas, behaviors, or styles that spread form person-to-person can be studied within an evolutionary framework (memes)
brain plasticity
neural tissue has the capacity to change in response to the world by changing how its organized
Phenotypic plasticity
The individual’s capacity to develop a range of phenotypes
Afferent neurons
Sensory (incoming) neurons that send information coming in and towards the central nervous system
Efferent neurons
Motor (outgoing) neurons that send information away from the central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
carry sensory information into the CNA and carry motor information from the CNS to the body’s muscle and tissue
Somatic neurons
Gather sensory information from the CNS and convey information from the CNS to move muscles
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
Includes the spinal cord and cranial nerves carrying sensory information to the CNS from the muscles, joints, and skin
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
produces the rest and digest responses through the parasympathetic nerves
Enteric nervous system (ENS)
Formed by a mesh of neurons embedded in the lining of the gut, controls the gut
Dorsal
Structures atop the brain or a structure within the brain
Ventral
Structures towards the bottom of the brain or
Medial
towards the midline of the brain
lateral
pushing towards the outside
Anterior
frontal lobes, in front of the brain
Posterior/caudal
occipital lobes, in the back
Coronal section (frontal)
cuts on the vertical plane, from the crown of the head down slicing the temporal lobe and creating a frontal view
Describe a horizontal section
cuts on the horizontal plane, usually viewed from above and creates a dorsal view
Describe a sagittal section
lengthwise cut from the front to the back and viewed from the side produces a medial view
What is a midsagittal section?
A sagittal section in which the slice is made directly down the middle
Brain-body orientation
Illustrates brain structure location from the frame of reference of the human face
Spatial orientation
Illustrates the structure location in relation to other body parts and body orientation
Anatomical orientation
Illustrates the direction of a cut or section through the human brain from the perspective of a viewer
What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
Anatomical and functional
Harry Jerison
Relates brain size and body size
he calculated that as body size increases, brain size increases by about 2/3 the increase in body weight
What is the encephalon quotient? (EQ)
A numerical value that takes the measured brain size from an actual and experimental measure and compares the two
How does the EQ graph relate brain size to intelligence?
Species below the line have a smaller brain and a lower EQ, species lying above the line have a larger brain than expected for that species and a higher EQ
What did Fonseca-Azevedo propose?
Described that by counting brain cells, they can estimate the number of neurons in the brain or that part of the brain and the neuron’s packing density
Inferior
Below
Superior
Above
Rostral
towards the beak (front) of the animal