Pathology and Clinical Disorders Lecture Review

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering cellular pathology, inflammation, tissue repair, blood disorders, cardiovascular health, and CNS diseases based on lecture transcript notes.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of balance in cell function; cells either adapt or suffer injury when exposed to stress or harmful stimuli.

Hypoxia

Oxygen deficiency; cited as the most common cause of cell injury.

Reversible injury

Cell injury resulting from mild, short-duration stress where recovery is possible; morphologic features include cell swelling and fatty change.

Irreversible injury

Severe or prolonged stress that leads to cell death; characterized by membrane rupture and nuclear damage.

Cell swelling

A reversible change resulting from $ATP$ depletion and subsequent failure of the $Na^+/K^+$ pump.

Fatty change

Lipid accumulation within cells, commonly observed in the liver as a form of reversible injury.

Pyknosis

A form of nuclear damage characterizing cell death involving nuclear condensation.

Karyorrhexis

A form of nuclear damage where the nucleus undergoes fragmentation.

Karyolysis

A form of nuclear damage where the nucleus dissolves.

Necrosis

Uncontrolled cell death resulting from severe injury or infection, characterized by cell swelling and inflammation.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death occurring as a normal physiological process or due to mild injury, characterized by cell shrinkage and the absence of inflammation.

Gangrene

Death of body tissue due to a lack of blood flow or a serious bacterial infection.

Coagulative Necrosis

A type of necrosis common in infarcts of the heart and kidney.

Liquefactive Necrosis

A type of necrosis associated with brain infarcts and abscess formation.

Caseous Necrosis

A 'cheese-like' necrosis characteristic of Tuberculosis.

Hypertrophy

An increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells.

Hyperplasia

An increase in the number of cells due to cell proliferation.

Atrophy

A decrease in the number and size of parenchyma cells of an organ, often caused by poor nourishment or loss of nerve/hormonal support.

Metaplasia

A reversible change where one type of adult cell (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type due to harmful stimuli or chronic irritation.

Myositis ossificans

An example of mesenchymal metaplasia where muscle tissue transforms into bone.

Dysplasia

An abnormality of development restricted to originating tissue, considered a pre-cancerous stage.

Anisocytosis

A pathological change in dysplasia characterized by cells of unequal size.

Poikilocytosis

A pathological change in dysplasia characterized by abnormally shaped cells.

Hyperchromatism

A pathological change in dysplasia characterized by excessive pigmentation.

Acute Inflammation

A short-duration (minutes to days) early body reaction characterized by rapid onset, neutrophils, and potential resolution or scarring.

Chronic Inflammation

Long-lasting (weeks to months) inflammation characterized by macrophages, lymphocytes, and tissue destruction/fibrosis.

Exudate

Inflammatory fluid with high protein and cellular content, appearing cloudy; caused by increased vascular permeability.

Transudate

Fluid with low protein and cellular content, appearing clear; caused by increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure.

Angiogenesis

The formation of new blood vessels, a key event in chronic inflammation and tissue repair.

Regeneration

Replacement of damaged cells by proliferation of the same type of cells, restoring normal structure and function.

Fibrosis (Scar formation)

The replacement of damaged tissue by fibrous connective tissue (collagen), occurring when regeneration is not possible.

Labile tissue

Tissue composed of constantly dividing cells, such as skin, GI mucosa, and bone marrow.

Anemia

A condition characterized by reduced hemoglobin concentration or RBC count, resulting in decreased oxygen-carrying capacity.

Microcytic Anemia

Anemia characterized by RBCs smaller than normal with an $MCV < 80fL$, such as Iron deficiency anemia.

Macrocytic Anemia

Anemia characterized by RBCs larger than normal with an $MCV > 100fL$, such as Megaloblastic anemia.

Megaloblastic Anemia

Anemia caused by Vit $B_{12}$ or folate deficiency, leading to impaired DNA synthesis and abnormal RBC maturation.

RAAS pathway

A system involving Renin, Angiotensin, and Aldosterone that increases blood volume and causes potent vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure.

Atherosclerosis

The formation of fatty deposits (atheromas/plaques) in blood vessels that harden and narrow the lumen, potentially leading to hypoxia and infarction.

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Myocardial tissue death caused by hypoxia, often due to atherosclerosis or reduced blood flow (ischemia).

Arrhythmia

A condition where the heart beats irregularly (tachycardia, bradycardia, or fibrillation) due to abnormal electrical impulses.

Angina Pectoris

Chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart, often a symptom of coronary artery disease.

Preload

The degree of ventricular stretch before contraction, determined by venous return and blood volume.

Afterload

The resistance the heart must pump against to eject blood, determined by blood pressure and arterial resistance.

Status epilepticus

A severe medical emergency consisting of continuous seizure activity lasting more than $5 minutes$.

Alzheimer’s disease

A progressive brain disorder cause by the buildup of amyloid and tau proteins, leading to memory loss and cognitive decline.

Parkinson’s disease

A progressive motor disorder involving the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.

Huntington’s disease

A genetic neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the $HTT$ gene leading to expanded $CAG$ repeats.

Stroke

A 'brain attack' occurring when blood supply to part of the brain is blocked (ischemic) or a blood vessel bursts (hemorrhagic).

Schizophrenia

A chronic brain disorder involving imbalances in dopamine and glutamate, characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.