Apes Study Guide 10

Infectious disease

Pathogen invades the body, and multiplies

some are NOT transmissible

transmissible disease

contagious diseases that are transmissible by people (Covid, the Flu, etc.)

Bacteria

• rapid reproduction, easily spread (R- selected species)

• use anti-biotics

• the plague, TB, Cholera

Virus

• smaller than bacteria, infectious agent

• needs a host cell

• prevent/treat w/ vaccine

• HIV/AIDS, Flu

Parasite

• treat w/ anti parasitic

• Malaria, tapeworms, etc

Toxicity

the measure of how toxic something is to a substance, and its ability to cause injury, illness, or death to a living organism

Mutagen

Chemicals, or radiation that cause mutations to DNA , or increase their frequency (cancer?)

could be passed onto offspring

Teratogen

Chemicals that cause harm, or birth defects to unborn babies/fetus

Carcinogen

Type of chemical that can cause, or promote cancer

10-40 year delay?

Pathogen

An organism that causes disease in organisms (bacteria, us, parasite, protozoa, fungi)

Endocrine Disruptor

Substances that can interfere with the body’s hormone system

Dose

Basic toxicology principle

Anything can be toxic if large enough dose

Dose-response curve

LD-50

Lethal Dose 50

How much of a chemical is lethal to 50% of testing

Threshold Concentration

The concentration of a substance that initiates a response

Dioxin

• Toxic chemical pollutants from industrial process

• Found in: soil, air, water, food

• Causes: Cancer, teratogen, immune system damage, hormone interference

• bioaccumulates in animal fat, builds up in the food chain

Endocrine system

A gland that releases hormones to regulate bodily systems

Immune system

• protects the body from disease

• network of cells, tissues, and organs that protect the body

Primary pollutant

• emitted DIRECTLY into the air

• Carbon Monoxide, PB, SOx, NOx

Secondary pollutants

• formed by ractions of primary pollutants w/ other chemicals

• ozone, acid deposition/rain, certain PM, smog

SOx

• Sulfur Oxides (SO2, SO3)

• air pollutants from fossil fuels (coal power plants, Oil refineries, volcanoes)

• Environmental: Acid rain

• Health: irritates lungs, worsens asthma, respiratory issues

• regulation/reduction: low-sulfur fuels, emission laws

NOx

• NO, NO2

• Burning fuel

• vehicle emissions, power plants, industrial process

• Respiratory issues, worsens asthma/lung disease

• Regulation/reduction: Catalytic converters, cleaner fuels, emission controls

VOCs (volatile organic compounds)

• organic chemicals easily evaporating into the air

• Vehicle exhaust, industrial process, paints, solvents, household products

• Smog, ground level ozone formation

• headache, dizzy, liver/kidney damage (some carcinogenic)

• low VOC products, improve ventalation

Aldehydes

• type of VOC

• Vehicle exhaust, cig smoke, industrial emissions, paints, adhesives

• ENT irritation, likely carcinogenic

• Improve ventilation, low emission products

Particulate Matter

• tiny solid/liquid particles in the air

• Vehicle emissions, industrial pollution, WILDFIRE, DUST, CONSTRUCTION

• increase Haze, settle in water/soil → harm ecosystem

• lung/heart problems, asthma, premature death

• use air filters, dust control, clean energy sources

Ozone

• secondary pollutant

• NOx + VOCs + sunlight

• Vehicle emissions, industrial pollution, chemical solvents

• Damage crops, forests, reduce air quality

• Lung irritation, worse asthma, reduce lung function

• Reduce vehicle emissions, clean energy resources

Radon

• primary

• color-less, odorless radioactive gas

• from uranium decay in solid rock

• naturally seeps into homes, poorly ventilated areas

• Accumulates indoors (esp. poor ventilation)

• leading cause of lung cancer

• improve ventilation, seal cracks, test homes

Photochemical smog

• sun + NOx + VOCs

• vehicle emissions, industrial pollution, fossil fuel combustion

• reduces visibility, damage crops, harm ecosystems

• lung irritation, asthma, reduce lung function

• reduce vehicle use/emission, cleaner energy

Temperature inversion

when warmer air sits on top of cooler air (not supposed to happen)

usually caused by radiative cooling of the earth at night

dry acid deposition

when SOx/NOx settles directly into surfaces, causing acidic rocks/ surfaces

Wet acid deposition

acid rain/snow/hail, etc

respiratory system

• take in oxygen, put out CO2

• nose/mouth/trachea/lungs

• air pollution damages lung tissue

• asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer results of smoking

Catalytic converter

exhaust emission that reduces toxic gas in vehicle exhaust

Clean air act

federal law (1970) that regulate air emissions from stationary/mobile sources

Buffer

• substance that resists change in PH by neutralizing acid/base

• absorbs excess acid or base to keep a stable PH

• protect bodies of water from wet acid deposition