Unit 5: Biochemical Processes

high energy intermediates

carbocations, free radicals, or carbanions

all have charged ions — unstable (high energy)

carbocation

electron decifient

free radical

electron deficient

carbanion

negative on low EN atom

cofactors

additional help to stabilize reactions

coenzymes

small organic molecules that are involved in transferring functional groups or electrons

hydrolysis of ATP is ______

spontaneous

spontaneous

occurs under normal conditions

non-spontaneous

would not occur under normal conditions (even in the presence of an enzyme)

How might non-spontaneous coupled with hydrolysis of ATP help the formation of products?

makes non-spontaneous reaction more spontaneous

primary roles of ATP/ADP

phosphate transfer

drives non-spontaneous reactions forward

NAD+ is electron ___(rich/poor), which means it is the ___ (oxidized/reduced) form. It can ____ (donate/accept) electrons, meaning it ___ (oxidizes/reduces) another molecule

poor; oxidized; accept; reduces

NADH is electron ___ (rich/poor), which means it is the ___ (oxidized/reduced) form. It can ___ (donate/accept) electrons, meaning it ___ (oxidizes/reduces) another molecule

rich; reduced; donate; oxidizes

primary role of NAD+/NADH

electron transfer

FAD is electron ___ (rich/poor), which means it is the ___ (oxidized/reduced) form. It can ___ (donate/accept) electrons, meaning it ___ (oxidizes/reduces) another molecule

poor; oxidized; accept; reduces

FADH2 is electron ___ (rich/poor), which means it is the ___ (oxidized/reduced) form. It can ___ (donate/accept) electrons, meaning it ___ (oxidizes/reduces) another molecule

rich; reduced; donate; oxidizes

NAD+/NADH is used in redox reactions involving ____

carbonyls/alcohols

FAD/FADH2 is used in redox reactions involving___

carbon double bonds

glycolysis

breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating chemical energy in the form of ATP, which acts as the cell’s energy currency because it can drive reactions forward.

rate limiting step

a reaction that favors one direction

_____ is needed for activators

energy

______ don’t need energy

inhibitors

oxidoreductase

catalyze redox reactions

ex. dehydrogenase

transferase

transfer functional groups

kinase

transfers phosphate

hydrolase

breaking bonds using water (hydrolysis)

lyase

break or form bonds without oxidation or hydrolysis

isomerase

calalyze rearrangements within molecules without adding/removing atoms

ligase

create new covalent bonds (requires external energy source