Industrialization and The West Test

Native American Policy

- Failed Treaties

- War

- Reservations

- Indian Removal Act

- General Sherman

- Attack Buffalo

The Great Plains

A mostly flat and grassy region of western North America

Natives of the Great Plains

- Hunted Buffalo

- Sioux/Lakota

Fort Laramie Treaty (1868)

Both sides agreed to not attack each other (Lakota and US)

The Black Hills

- South Dakota

- Sacred Land of the Sioux

- Gold Discovered and land taken by the US

The Battle of Little Bighorn

Lakota defeated Custer and the US who attempted to mine the gold in the Black Hills

Black Hills Agreement

- Natives forced to give up the Black Hills

- Moved onto Reservations

Ghost Dance Movement

Native religious movement and a belief that would bring back the buffalo and their culture

Helen Hunt Jackson

wrote A Century of Dishonor in which she argued that American forces should stay off Indian lands

Native Assimilation

The U.S. encouraged the merging of natives into American culture

Dawes Act

- Well-intentioned

- Granted Citizenship to natives

- Broke up reservations

- Gave free land to the natives

Wounded Knee Massacre

mass killing by U.S. soldiers of as many as 300 unarmed Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota

The Grange

an association formed by farmers that advocated for

- Government regulation of the railroad

- Anti-monopoly and trust laws

- Bimetallism

- Other populist ideas

Populist Party

- Increased Inflation

- Free Silver

- Income Tax

- Government control of transportation

- 8 hour work day

Settling the Great Plains Push Factors

- Civil War

- Expensive Land

- Persecution

- Outlaws

Settling the Great Plains Pull Factors

- Government Incentives

- Lots of Land

- Natural Resources

- Voting Rights

Interstate Commerce Act

1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses through the Interstate Commerce commission

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies

Free Silver

Political issue involving the coinage of silver

What connected America to the west

Intercontinental Railroad

Nature Struggles in the West

- Tornadoes

- Harsh Climate

- Intense Storms

Economic Struggles in the West

- Debt

- Failed Crops

- Panics of 1873 and 1893

- Gold Standard

McKinley Tariff

Protective tariff which raised the tax on foreign products to 50%

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

- Increased the amount of silver in circulation

- Increased inflation massively

Election of 1892

Cleveland v. Harrison, in which Cleveland won.

Panic of 1893

- McKinley Tariff

- Massive Inflation

- Railroad Company Failures

Result of the Panic of 1893

- Coxey's Army: March from DC from Ohio

- Pullman Strike: Railroad workers went on strike

- Unemployment Rate 20%

Gilded Age

Prosperity covered the poverty and corruption of society

Industrialization in the Gilded Age

- Big Business and Monopolies and Trusts

- Organized Labor: Unions, 8 Hr Work Day, Safer Conditions

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements b/c of factories

Robber Barons

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages.

Trusts

Combination of corporations designed to limit competition

Monopoly

One company controlling an industry

Vertical Integration

Company controls every step of production

Mines, Railroads, and Mills

Horizontal Integration

Company buys or merges with competitors to dominate an industry

Knights of Labor

- Union for skilled and unskilled workers, women, and African Americas

- 8 Hour Work Day

- Fell after the Haymarket Riot

AFL (American Federation of Labor)

- Focused on skilled workers

- Practical goals like better wages and working conditions

- Strikes and Collective Bargaining

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Tenements

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived

Political Machines

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities

Tammany Hall

- Democratic NYC Political Machine

- Corrupt

- Helped Immigrants for votes

Boss Tweed

- Leader of Tammany Hall in the 60's and 70's

- Symbol of political corruption

- Fraud and graft

Graft

Illegal use of political influence for personal gain