CH 14 Genetics

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29 Terms

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Components of translation
amino acids, mRNA, ribosomes, translation factors, tRNA, enyzmes
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what is different about tRNA bases?
they have modified ones – I being imporntant
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EF-Tu
GTPase that transports charged aminoacyl tRNA to A site
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EF-G
Hydrolyzes GTP after peptide bond formation, conformation change in EF-G causes movement of small subunit relative to large subunit
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Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
charges tRNAs, is specific to each amino acid
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Svedberg unit
measurable size and shape, found via sedimentation
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Translation is dependent on what energy source
GTP
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Shine-Dalgarno sequence
base pairs with some of small subunit, allows for internal ribosome initiation, allows for translation of polycistronic mRNAs, made of purines, allow for being polycistronic
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Initiation
starts with AUG and Shine-Dalgarno sequence ( if bacteria ), Ifs bind to small subunit and attract mRNA, charged fmet tRNA binds to AUG codon of mRNA in P site, forming initiation complex
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Elongation
second charged tRNA enters A site facilitated by EF-Tu, peptide bond forms between AAs facilitated by EF-G, uncharged tRNA then moves to E site and out of ribosome
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Termination
signaled by UAG, UAA, UGA. GTP dependent release factors cleave polypetide chain from tRNA and releases it from the translation complex
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Are Prokaryotes polycistronic or monocistronic?
polycistronic
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Are Eukaryotes polycistronic or monocistronic?
monocistronic
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Polysomes
mRNAs with several ribosomes translating at once
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How does translation differ in eukaryotes
closed loop translation and no shine-dalgarno sequence
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Closed loop translation
mRNAs forms loop that is closed by Poly-A binding proteins bind to the cap binding proteins, allows for regulators of translation after stop codon
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Sir Archibald Garrod
studied alkaptonuria
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What happens when blocks occur in a pathway
build up of harmful intermediate
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AKU
single chemical, familial basis
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Beadle and Tatum Neurospora experiment
nutritional requirements were specific and single gened, layed groundwork for Srb and Horowitz
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Auxotroph
Does not have ability to synthesize one or more essential substances for growth
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ONE GENE: ONE ENZYME HYPOTHESIS
Srb and Horowitz, Hemoglobin
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Srb and Horowitz
ordering the intermediates in a pathway even when ones not involved, arginine mutants, found correlation between biochemical pathway and genetics
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amino acid types
nonpolar/hydrophobic, Polar/hydrophilic, polar and positive, polar and negative
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peptide bonds
covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one AA and the amino group of another
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secondary
folding into alpha helix and beta pleated sheet, caused by hydrogen bonding along alpha carbon backbone
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tertiary
based on R groups
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stabilizing factors
covalent disulfide bonds between close cytosine residues, ionic bonds, hydrophilic R on surface and hydrophobic R on interior, Van der Waals interactions
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Post transcriptional modification
N-terminus amino acid removed or modified, individual AA modified (phosphate addition by kinases), polypeptide cleaved to make active form