Enlightenment and Revolutions

These flashcards review key concepts from the Enlightenment, its thinkers, and the resulting revolutions, focusing on their social, political, and economic impacts.

What central idea of the Enlightenment suggests that true knowledge comes from the senses and experimentation?

Empiricism

Which Enlightenment philosopher is known for the idea of natural rights, claiming that humans are born with rights that cannot be infringed upon?

John Locke

What did the Enlightenment challenge regarding biblical authority?

It questioned the idea that the Bible was all-knowing and its words should never be doubted.

What was the main topic of Maternal Feminism during the Enlightenment?

It argued that women had a valuable role as mothers and thus should have the right to vote.

Who believed in the concept of 'General Will' and argued for majority rule in governance?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

What did Voltaire advocate for in Enlightenment philosophy?

Religious tolerance and freedom of speech.

What significant movement emerged in the 19th century advocating for women’s rights, particularly in voting?

Feminist movement.

What was one effect of the Enlightenment ideas on global revolutions?

It provided a framework for the American, French, Haitian, and Latin American Revolutions.

What is described by nationalism in the context of the Enlightenment?

A sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, and social customs, often linked to a desire for territory.

What social contract idea did John Locke write about?

An agreement between government and the people, asserting the right to overthrow a government that does not respect people's natural rights.

What was a key outcome of the French Revolution regarding social classes?

The abolition of the estates system, leading to a society where everyone pays taxes equally.

What significant global impact did the Haitian Revolution have?

It established the first black government in that region and the second republic.

What was the primary consequence of the Napoleonic Code?

It standardized laws across conquered territories and promoted ideas of nationalism.

What was the significance of the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution?

The government undermined the Declaration of Rights of Man and limited freedoms including freedom of speech.

What was the economic condition of France before the French Revolution?

Poor peasants heavily taxed and then facing famine.

Who led the Haitian revolution against the French?

Toussaint Louverture.

What did the term 'suffrage' refer to in the context of revolutionary movements?

The right to vote, which was largely denied to women during this time.

What did the Second Industrial Revolution emphasize in terms of materials and technology?

The use of steel as a primary building material and the development of chemical engineering.

What were some negative effects of industrialization on society during the 19th century?

Pollution, housing shortages, and increases in crime.

What was one of the main goals of the Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire?

To modernize and secularize the empire.

What did David Hume contribute to Enlightenment thought?

He supported empiricism and religious skepticism, arguing against the divine right of authority.

What was the outcome of the Boxer Rebellion?

It was an attempt by Chinese nationalists to expel foreigners but ultimately failed.