Intro to Human Communication Exam #2

UCO Intro to Human Communication Exam #2 Ch. 5-7 and 12

What is the definition of Doublespeak?

Evasive, ambiguous language used to deceive, mislead, and corrupt thought

What was the idea of Doublespeak based on?

Nazi propoganda

What terms is Doublespeak derived from?

Doublethink and Newspeak

What is Doublethink?

The ability to hold two opposing ideas in a person’s mind and believe them both.

What is Newspeak?

The official language used to express the ideas of doublethink

What book does doublespeak come from?

1984 by George Orwell

What are the specifics of Doublespeak?

• Designed to mislead and distort reality

• Pretends to communicate

• Makes the negative appear positive

• Avoids or shifts responsibility

• Limits, conceals, corrupts, and prevents thought

• Makes the unpleasant appear attractive or tolerable

What are the forms of Doublespeak?

• Euphemism

• Jargon

• Gobbledygook

• Inflated language

What is the definition of Euphemism?

Words that attempt to soften, hide, or distort reality by putting the thing described into a better light making the object it describes sound less frightening, threatening, or offensive

What is the definition of Jargon?

Specialized language used by a particular professional trade, or hobby group often used in discourse with lay audiences or to impress others

What is the definition of Gobbledygook?

Many long, sophisticated words, or gobs of words, used in long convoluted sentences to confuse the audience and hide the real issue of the discourse

What is the definition of Inflated Language?

Puffed up, important-sounding words used to give commonplace things and events an elevated, glowing appearance

What are the ways to stop doublespeak?

• Look out for it

• Expose it for what it is

• Tell others about the incongruity between the author’s intentions and words

What are the ways to avoid doublespeak?

• Don’t use it knowingly

• Use technical terms and jargon correctly

• Present complicated ideas in ways that are appropriate for the audience

What are the three A’s of Symbols and their meanings?

• Arbitrary

• Ambiguous

• Abstract

What is this?

The Semantic Triangle

Why are symbols arbitrary?

They are not intrinsically connected to what they represent

What are examples of symbols being arbitrary?

• Language and meaning changing over time (gay)

• New words or phrases being coined in response to change (staycation)

Why are symbols ambiguous?

Their meanings are not fixed in an absolute way and vary based on one’s values and experiences

Why are symbols abstract?

They are not concrete or tangible

What is an example of using abstract symbols?

Overgeneralizations

How is communication guided?

It is rule guided

What are the types of rules in the principles of verbal communication?

• Regulative

• Constitutive

What is the definition of Regulative Rules?

Rules that specify when, how, where, and with whom to talk about certain things

What is the definition of Constitutive Rules?

Rules that tell us how to count certain kinds of communication

What is the definition of Symbols?

A representation of a person, event of other phenomenon

What is the definition of totalizing?

Using a single label to represent the totality of a person

What is the definition of Loaded Language?

Words that strongly slant perceptions and thus meaning

How do symbols organize perceptions?

They help to classify and evaluate experiences using cognitive schemata

What is the definition of hypothetical thought?

Symbols allow people to think about experiences and ideas that are not part of their concrete, present situation

What are examples of hypothetical thought?

• Contemplate things with no real existence

• Remember ourselves in the past

  • Project ourselves into the future

What does the I (Id) do in response to symbols?

Acts impulsively in response to inner needs and desires, regardless of social norms

What is the Me (Ego/Superego)?

The socially conscious part of the self that monitors and moderates the I’s impulses

What are the guidelines to enhance effectiveness in verbal communication?

• Dual perspective

• Own your feelings and thoughts

• Respect what other’s say about their feelings and ideas

• Strive for accuracy and clarity

What is the definition of Dual Perspective?

Recognizing another person’s point of view and taking that into account as you communicate

What are the ways to strive for accuracy and clarity?

• Levels of abstraction

• Qualify language by indexing

What percent of messages are misunderstood over text messages?

Approximately 50%

What are the ways symbolic capacities affect our lives?

• Symbols define

• Symbols evaluate

• Symbols organize perceptions

• Symbols allow hypothetical thought

• Symbols allow self-reflection

What is the definition of Marginalization?

A condition and process preventing individuals and groups from equal participation in wider society, including social, economic, and political life.

What is the most important guideline for verbal communication?

Dual perspective

What is the definition of Static Evaluation?

Assessments that suggest something is unchanging or static.

What is the definition of Indexing?

A technique of noting that statements reflect specific times and circumstances and may not apply to other times or circumstances.

How did Rome influence non-verbal communication?

• Gestures

  • Affirmative nod

  • Negative headshake

• Romance

  • Kisses

• Greetings

  • Handshake

What is the definition of Nonverbal Communication?

All aspects of communication other than words themselves

What does nonverbal communication do with verbal communication?

Supplements or replaces it.

How are verbal and nonverbal communication similar?

• Symbolic

• Guided by constitutive and regulative rules

• Culture bound

• May be intentional or unintentional

What are the differences between verbal and nonverbal communication?

• Nonverbal is perceived as more honest

• Nonverbal is multi-channeled while verbal is single

• Nonverbal is continuous while verbal discrete

In what ways does nonverbal communication supplement or replace verbal communication?

• Repeat verbal messages

• Highlight verbal communication

• Compliment or add to words

• Contradict verbal messages

• Substitute for verbal communication

What are the principles of Nonverbal Communication?

• Similarities and differences with verbal communication

• Supplements or replaces verbal communication

• Regulates interaction

• Establishes relationship-level meanings

• Reflects cultural values

What are the dimensions of relationship-levels meaning?

• Responsiveness

• Liking

• Power

What are the categories of Nonverbal Communication?

• Kinesics

• Haptics

• Physical appearance

• Artifacts

• Proxemics

• Environmental factors

• Chronemics

• Paralanguage

• Silence

How can you improve Nonverbal Communication?

• Monitor your nonverbal communication

• Interpret others nonverbal communication with personal and contextual qualifications

What percent of nonverbal communication accounts for the total meaning of communication?

65-93%

What is the definition of Kinesics?

Body position and body motions, including movements of the face

What is the definition of Haptics?

Nonverbal communication that involves physical touch

What is the definition of Artifacts?

Personal objects which we announce our personal identities and personalize our environments

What is the definition of Proxemics?

A type of nonverbal communication that involves space and how we use it

What is the definition of Chronemics?

A type of nonverbal communication that is concerned with time and how we use and perceive it to define identities and interactions

What is the definition of Paralanguage?

Vocal communication that does not use words

What was the crisis of the 3rd Century?

Civil war, invasion, plague, and economical and political collapse.

What was Rome’s influence in Western culture?

• Language/alphabet

• Government/legal systems

• Architecture/engineering

• Religion

What did Emperor Constantine do for the Roman Empire?

• Legalized Christianity

• Established Constantinople as the capital of the Eastern half

• Called on Council of Nicaea to organize churches

What was the Council of Nicaea?

A group of 250-300 bishops that established Jesus as divine and created the Nicaea creed to summarize Christianity

What is the definition of Culture?

A system of ideas, values, beliefs, structures, and practices that is communicated by one generation to the next and that sustains a particular way of life

What are the material components of culture?

• Tangible objects

• Physical substances altered by human invention

What are the nonmaterial components of culture?

• Intangible

• Reflect a culture’s values

• Influence behavior

What is the definition of Belief?

A conception of what is true, factual, or valid

What is the definition of Values?

Shared views of what is good, right, worthwhile, and important

What is the definition of Norms?

Informal rules guiding how members of a culture act, think, and feel

What are examples of nonmaterial components of culture?

• Beliefs

• Values

• Norms

How are cultures a system?

They are a coherent system of understandings, traditions, values, communication practices, and ways of living

What dimensions do cultures vary on?

• Individualism/collectivism

• High uncertainty avoidance/low uncertainty avoidance

• High power distance/low power distance

• Masculinity/femininity

• Long-term orientation/short term orientation

Why are cultures dynamic?

They change and evolve over time

What are the sources of change within a culture?

• Invention

• Diffusion

• Calamity

• Communication

What are the types of communication within a culture social community?

• High-context communication

• Low-context communication

What are examples of social communities?

• Gender

• Race

• Economic class

• Ethnicity

How does communication affect culture?

It sustains and expresses culture

How are cultures shaped?

By historical and geographical forces

What is the most common way of telling a story?

Through the Hero’s Journey format

What are ways to improve intercultural communication?

• Resist ethnocentric bias

• Recognizing that responding to diversity is a process

What is the definition of ethnocentrism?

Using one’s own culture and its practices as the standard for interpreting the values, beliefs, norms, and communication of others

What is the definition of cultural relativism?

Cultures vary on how they think, act, and behave, as well as in what they believe and value

What are the responses to diversity?

• Resistance

• Tolerance

• Understanding

• Respect

• Participation (like being multilingual)

What are the key premises to culture?

• Systematic

• Dimensional

• Dynamic

• Include multiple social communities

What is the definition of cultural inteligence?

Motivational, cognitive, and behavioral abilities to understand and adapt to a range of contexts, people, and patterns of interaction.

What are the components of cultural inteligence?

• Drive

• Knowledge

• Strategy

• Action

How is public speaking an enlarged conversation?

• Minor mistakes don’t ruin credibility

• Consideration of others’ perspectives

• Present ideas clearly

• Organize what you say

• Explain and support ideas

• Present in an engaging manner

What are the steps to selecting your topic?

• Choose a topic that matters to you

• Choose an occasion appropriate topic

• Choose an audience appropriate topic

• Narrow your topic via mind mapping

What are the general puposes for public speaking?

• To inform

• To persuade

• To entertain

What is the definition of specific purpose?

A behavioral objective or observable response that indicates you have achieved your communication goal

What is a thesis statement?

A short statement that provides the main idea of the speech

What are the steps to planning public speaking?

• Identify a broad topic

• Narrow the topic

• Determine general purpose

• Determine specific purpose

• Develop thesis statement

What does the demographic of the audience tell you?

Identifies general features of a group of listeners

What is audience demographic data used for?

• Adaptation

• Inferences

• Determining what and who listeners find credible

• Connections

• Guarding against stereotypes

What is situational audience analysis?

Discovering what the audience already knew or believe about a topic, speaker, and occasion