Nursing Care: Endocrine, Women's, and Men's Health Pharmacology

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering endocrine pharmacology, diabetes management, and reproductive health medications based on the lecture notes.

Adenohypophysis

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that secretes growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and gonadotropins (FSH and LH).

Neurohypophysis

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin and oxytocin.

Somatropin

A growth hormone analogue used for growth failure due to inadequate endogenous GH or dwarfism; it must be administered before the fusion of epiphyses via $SUBQ$ or $IM$ routes.

Pegvisomant

A GH receptor antagonist that blocks GH receptor sites; indicated for excess secretion of growth hormone, gigantism, and acromegaly.

Lanreotide acetate

A somatostatin analogue in a depot formulation that lasts for $28$ days after deep subcutaneous injection to prevent GH secretion.

Bromocriptine mesylate

A dopamine agonist available in oral formulation that inhibits the secretion of GH caused by pituitary tumors.

Cosyntropin

A synthetic ACTH used for diagnostic purposes to differentiate between pituitary and adrenal causes of adrenal insufficiency.

Diabetes Insipidus

A condition caused by a decreased amount of circulating ADH, resulting in excessive urination, severe dehydration, and low urine specific gravity.

Desmopressin acetate

An antidiuretic hormone therapy drug administered orally, intranasally, or by injection; also given to patients with Hemophilia A or von Willebrand Disease Type $1$.

SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone)

A condition of increased circulating ADH leading to water retention, water intoxication, and dilutional hyponatremia.

Vaptans

Vasopressin receptor antagonists like conivaptan and tolvaptan that increase serum sodium and free water clearance.

Demeclocycline

A tetracycline antibiotic that induces nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus; a common complaint during use is photosensitivity.

Myxedema

Severe hypothyroidism in adults characterized by a deep and coarse voice, lethargy, cold intolerance, and weight gain.

Cretinism

Congenital hypothyroidism in children which causes delayed physical and mental growth.

Levothyroxine sodium

The drug of choice for replacement therapy in primary hypothyroidism that increases $T_4$ and is metabolically deiodinated to $T_3$.

Liotrix

A mixture of Levothyroxine sodium and Liothyronine in a $4:1$ ratio used for thyroid hormone replacement.

Propylthiouracil (PTU)

A thioamide antithyroid drug that blocks thyroid action and can be used during pregnancy; it enhances the anticoagulant effect of warfarin.

Methimazole

An antithyroid drug that is $10$ times more potent than PTU with a longer half-life, but can induce goiter/cretinism in a fetus.

Calcitriol

A Vitamin D analogue that promotes calcium absorption from the GI tract and secretion of calcium from bone to the bloodstream.

Cinacalcet

A calcimimetic that increases the sensitivity of calcium-sensing receptors of the thyroid gland cells to reduce PTH.

Glucocorticoids

Steroid hormones like prednisone that suppress inflammation and the humoral immune response; they may cause side effects like moon face and buffalo hump.

Fludrocortisone

An oral mineralocorticoid that promotes reabsorption of sodium from the renal tubules, often given with glucocorticoids.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Non-insulin dependent diabetes characterized by insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production, often associated with obesity and age above $45$.

HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c)

A test measuring average blood glucose over $2$ to $3$ months; the goal for diabetic patients is less than $7\%$.

Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

A blood sugar test requiring $8$ hours of fasting; a level of $126\,mg/dl$ or higher indicates diabetes.

Insulin Shock

A condition occurring from the administration of too much insulin, characterized by trembling, nervousness, and cold, clammy skin.

Somogyi Effect

A hypoglycemic effect occurring between $2:00\,am$ and $4:00\,am$ that leads to a rebound hyperglycemic state.

Dawn Phenomena

Hyperglycemia upon awakening, managed by increasing the bedtime dose of insulin.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A life-threatening state where the liver breaks down fat into ketones; signs include fruity breath odor, Kussmaul breathing, and blood glucose over $250\,mg/dl$.

Tolbutamide

A first-generation, short-acting sulfonylurea that stimulates pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin.

Metformin

A biguanide that increases insulin binding to receptors and tissue sensitivity; it is eliminated unchanged in the urine and does not produce hypoglycemia.

Acarbose

An alpha-glucosidase inhibitor that is not absorbed in the GI tract and inhibits digestive enzymes in the small intestine.

Gliptins

Incretin modifiers that increase insulin secretions and decrease glucagon production by increasing the level of incretin hormones.

Glucagon

A hyperglycemic drug administered via $SubQ$, $IM$, or $IV$ to treat insulin-induced hypoglycemia by stimulating glycogenolysis.

CHCs (Combined Hormonal Contraceptives)

Contraceptives containing synthetic estrogen and progestin that cause drug-induced anovulatory cycles.

Pseudomenstruation

Also called withdrawal bleeding; it is scheduled monthly to mimic a normal $28$-day menstrual cycle during CHC use.

Quick Start Method

Initiating contraception on the day the patient receives the prescription regardless of the menstrual cycle to increase adherence.

DMPA (Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate)

A long-acting injectable progestin administered via deep $IM$ injection every $11$ to $13$ weeks that causes anovulation and amenorrhea.

POPs (Progestin Only Oral Contraceptive Pills)

Also called the minipill; all $28$ pills contain active hormone and must be taken within a $3$ hour window daily.

Finasteride

An antiandrogen that works by blocking the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.