Demography and Migration

These flashcards cover key concepts and statistics related to demography, migration, population changes, and their effects on society.

What is demography?

The quantitative study of human populations, focusing on their changing structure.

What factors contribute to population increase?

Births and immigration.

What factors lead to population decrease?

Deaths and emigration.

How is the birth rate calculated?

Birth Rate = number of live births per thousand of the population per year.

What was the total fertility rate in the UK in 1964?

2.95 children.

What is one reason for the decline in birth rate since 1900?

Increased legal equality and education levels for women.

What does the dependency ratio represent?

The relationship between the size of the working (productive) population and the non-working (dependent) population.

How has the decline in fertility rate affected public services?

It leads to a reduced need for schools and maternity services.

What was the death rate in the UK in 1900?

19 deaths per thousand of the population per year.

What contributed most to the decline in death rate from 1850-1970?

A fall in deaths from diseases.

What significant medical improvement occurred after the 1950s?

Antibiotics and immunisation were developed which dramatically reduced deaths from infectious diseases.

How has public health contributed to a decline in death rate?

Improvements in housing, better sanitation, access to clean water.

What was the average life expectancy for men born in 1900?

50 years.

What trend is observed in life expectancy over the last 200 years?

It has risen by about 2 years per decade.

What is one cause of an ageing population?

Increased life expectancy.

What percentage of households are one-person pensioner households?

12.5%.

How does the dependency ratio change as the elderly population increases?

As the number of retired people rises, the dependency ratio increases.

What is assimilationalism in the context of immigration?

The state approach that expects immigrants to abandon their culture to adopt the host country's cultural norms.

What are push and pull factors in migration?

Push factors lead people to leave an area due to issues like unemployment, while pull factors attract them to another area for better opportunities.

What is net migration?

The difference between immigration and emigration.

What does the term 'feminisation of migration' refer to?

The increasing number of female migrants globally, often filling roles in domestic work and care.

What is the impact of globalisation on migration?

It has led to increased interconnectedness and diverse patterns of migration across borders.

What challenges does an ageing population pose for public services?

There may be increased demand for health and social services.

What does 'transnational identities' mean?

Identities that develop when migrants maintain connections and cultural ties to multiple countries or cultures.

Why are assimilationist policies considered counter-productive?

They can mark minority groups as 'backwards' and can lead to increasing distrust and hostility between communities.

What is a consequence of demographic changes on family structures?

Changes in household compositions, such as more diverse family structures due to migration.