Studied by 13 people
What is Intelligence?
A person’s capacity to learn and their ability to apply their knowledge
What does Sir Galton define intelligence as?
A person’s sensory capacity indicates their intelligence.
What does Edwin Boring define intelligence as?
“Intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure“; IQ and Standardized test results indicate a person’s intelligence.
What does Alfred Binet define intelligence as?
Higher Mental Processes.
What is Psychometrics?
Use of psychological test to test and study the minds of humans and animals.
What did Charles Spearman contribute to the study of Intelligence?
Factor Analysis
General Intelligence (g Factor)
Specific Intelligence (s Factor)
What is Factor Analysis?
Used to evaluate relationships among a set of observed variables
High correlations among scores on several questions measure the common ability of individuals
What is General Intelligence?
g factor
The underlying performance of people on various tests
The general/overall differences in IQ among people
What is Specific Intelligence?
s factor
Each individual has a unique IQ score
The specific skills an individual has
What are the Components of General Intelligence?
Visual-Spatial (how fast it takes to put together a puzzle)
Quantitative Reasoning (how fast it takes to solve a math problem)
Knowledge (learning from a textbook; long term memory)
Fluid Reasoning (how fast it takes to solve a rubix cube)
Working Memory (memories in mind for short period of time; short term memory)
What did Cattell and Horn contribute to the study of intelligence?
Crystalized and Fluid Intelligence.
What is Crystalized Intelligence?
Knowledge that is used for long term memory
It is also facts based (learned through textbooks)
What is Fluid Intelligence?
Knowledge that is used for reason/to solve problems on the spot
It is the capacity to learn new things
Abstract Thinking and Problem Solving
What did Howard Gardner contribute to the study of Intelligence?
A case study approach that states every person possessed a set of independent intelligence that vary in types; Multiple intelligences
What are Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences?
Linguistic (well spoken), Musical (enjoy conducting, listening, or making music), Bodily-Kinaesthetic (sporty), Logico-Mathematical (good at mathematical problem solving), Spatial (think and reason in 3D), Interpersonal (social), Intrapersonal (self aware), Naturalistic (plants and animals), Savents (autistic savents have many intelligences)
What did Sternberg contribute to the study of Intelligence?
The Triarchic Model (A.P.C.)
What is the Triarchic Model?
Analytical Intelligence, Practical Intelligence, and Creative Intelligence
What is Analytical Intelligence?
Provides academic success
A person with this intelligence will do well on school tests, but they are not very creative or street smart
What is Practical Intelligence?
Provides common sense
A person with this intelligence will do well at problem solving in the real world, but they are not creative or good in school
What is Creative Intelligence?
Provides a creative way of thinking
A person with this Intelligence will be able to solve problems creatively, but not do good at applying their thinking into school or the real world
What are the problems with Self Reports?
Low correlation with objective measures
People who are incompetent tend to overestimate their abilities
Metacognitive skills; when people know what they know or don’t know
People may not answer with full confidence when asked how smart they are
What is the Development of Norms?
Being compared to people the same age
What are Norms?
A collection of data in a designated population.
What did Binet contribute to Intelligence Testing?
IQ= (mental age/chronological age) X 100
the mental age is avg. performance of specific age grp; chronological age is physical age of an individual
What did David Wechsler contribute to calculating IQ?
Deviation IQ
WAIS
What is the Deviation IQ?
A standardized score on an IQ test that is compared to individuals of their own age
Average Score is 100 always on those tests
Standard Deviation is always 15 on those tests
What is Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?
Evaluations that are set up as 15 subsets that give 5 scores;
Overall IQ, Verbal Communication, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, Processing Speed
What are some of the problems for WAIS?
Culturally/Racially Based and Language dependant
Some items call for “comprehension“
Impact of Socioeconomic status
What did John Carlyle Raven contribute to Intelligence Testing?
A form of Culture-Fair testing called Progressive Matrices
What is Raven’s Progressive Matrices?
Tests that progressively get harder and harder
There are versions that support both children 5 ^ and adults
Culturally fair and nonverbal groups
What is the Bell Curve IQ Distribution?
Indicates that 100 is an IQ that is normal and average for most populations
Middle is the normal IQ range
AV=100; SD=15 (this tells us how distributed the data is compared to the mean)
Scores less than 70 = Intellectual Disability
Scores more than 130 = Gifted
What does it mean when a person is Intellectually Disabled?
They have a childhood onset of an IQ below 70 (1% of North America, mostly males)
The inability to engage in daily functions
4 Levels (Mild, Moderate, Severe, Profound)
What are the causes of Intellectual Disability?
Genetic Causes
Fragile X Syndrome, Down Syndrome, Trisomy 21 (when 21st pair of chromosomes is a trio that causes mutations)
Enviornmental Causes
the environment a person grew up
What does it mean when a person is a Genius/Gifted?
They have an IQ of 130 or more, which is the cut off
Top 2%
To be successful, you still needs to put in the effort
What are some Influences on IQ?
Nature, Nurture, Heritability, and Environment.
What does Nature refer to?
The Genetics that are passed on Biologically.
What does Nurture refer to?
Everything else that is not Genetics.
What is Nature VS. Nurture?
Family Studies states that IQ is either genetically or environmentally passed on in biological families
Twin Design
Adoption Design
Twins reared apart
Genotype VS Phenotype (environment affects how genes are expressed)
What is Heritability?
The degree to which traits vary depending on genetic differences
All behavioural traits are heritable to some extent, but it depends on the trait
How to determine Heritability?
Using the Heritability Coefficient (H) → ranges from 1-0
Variable that determines the amount of variation in a trait due to genetic differences, the bigger the number the more heritable a trait is
What are Environmental Influences on IQ?
Family size affects IQ (Children are competing for resources, with a larger family, it is harder to fund their children)
Amount of schooling; US has a Head Start program
Expectancy by Teachers
Poverty
The Flynn Effect (developing countries have improved IQ scores)
What are the Sex Differences in IQ?
There are no substantial differences in genders, but there are in distribution between genders
Females → better verbal ability and emotional recognition
Males → better spatial reasoning ability
What are some factors that influence Sex Differences in IQ?
Biological (Brain and Sex Hormones)
Environmental (Roles in Society and Experience)
What are the Racial Differences in IQ?
There are some differences in IQ between races which appear to be environmental in origin
There are between-group differences due to environmental factors
There are within-group differences due to genetic factors
How do the environmental differences account for the racial differences in average IQ scores?
Socioeconomic Factors and Social Designation Influences
What are the Socioeconomic Factors that influence IQ?
Economic differences lead to there being no unequal distribution of resources across races
Early Intervention leads to short-term increased IQ
Equal Environment leads to comparable IQ
What are the Social Designation Influences on IQ?
Prejudice and discrimination leads to minorities being judged as inferior by dominant majority which also leads to the stereotype threat.
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