Adolescence and Adulthood

G. Stanley Hall

First to describe adolescence as a distinct period of development; referred to this time as "storm and stress."

Adolescence

The developmental period from puberty to adult independence.

Puberty

The stage when the body matures sexually and becomes capable of reproduction, typically beginning between ages 8-13 for females and 9-14 for males.

Primary sex characteristics

Body structures directly related to reproduction that develop during puberty.

Secondary sex characteristics

Visible changes not directly related to reproduction, such as body hair and voice changes.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

According to Erik Erikson, a stage where adolescents explore and establish their sense of self.

Identity Diffusion

A state where an individual lacks a clear identity and shows no effort to find one.

Identity Foreclosure

Adopting values and expectations from parents without exploring alternatives.

Moratorium

Actively exploring different roles but delaying long-term commitments.

Negative Identity

Deliberately adopting behaviors that go against societal expectations.

Imaginary Audience

The belief that others are constantly watching and judging one's actions.

Personal Fable

The feeling of being unique and special, which may lead to risky behaviors.

Signs of Adulthood

Accepting responsibility for oneself, making independent decisions, and achieving financial independence.

Crystallized Intelligence

Knowledge and verbal skills that increase with age.

Fluid Intelligence

The ability for quick, abstract thinking, which declines in late adulthood.

Dementia

Severe decline in thinking, memory, and reasoning that disrupts daily life.

Alzheimer’s Disease

A common form of dementia affecting memory and cognitive function.

Social Clock

Society’s expected timeline for major life events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.