SDS MIDTERMS PASADO CUTIE

Static

Development as a state or condition

Dynamic

Development as a process or course of change

Development

not purely an economic phenomenon but rather a multi-dimensional process involving reorganization and reorientation of entire economic and social system

Kate Raworth

conceptualized the Doughnut Economics

Climate Change

Ozone Layer Depletion

Air Pollution

Chemical Pollution

Ocean Acidification

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loading

Freshwater Withdrawals

Land Conversion

Biodiversity Loss

9 Planetary Boundaries

Climate Change

Biodiversity Loss

Land Conversion

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loading

4 planetary boundaries that are already disrupted

Rank 81st

Philippines rank in Social Progress Index last 2022

67.46

score of Philippine in 2022’s SPI

Economic Development

Human Development

Sustainable Development

Territorial Development

Dimensions of Development

Economic Development

the capacity of a national economy whose initial economic condition has been more or less static for a long time

5-7 percent

how much should the annual increase in gnp should be?

Gross National Income

the total amount of money earned by a nation’s people and businesses

used to measure and track a nation’s wealth from year to year

Gross National Product

measure of the value of all goods and services produced by a country’s residents and businesses

Y = C + I + G +X + Z

formula of Gross National Product

Gross Domestic Product

the total market value of the goods and services produced by a country’s economy during a specified period of time

GDP = C + I + G + NX

formula of GDP

Human Development

Knowledge is not only fundamental to economic growth but an end per se, as it generates empowerment, self reliance and a general improvement in community and social relationships

long and healthy life

knowledge

decent standard of living

3 criteria of UNDP’s Human Development

Sustainable Development

meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs (Brundtland, 1987)

Social

Environment

Economic

3 pillars of sustainability

Territorial Development

interrelationships between rural and urban areas, in a space characterized by the existence of poles of attraction for human activities

Free-market trickle-down growth-led development

Pro-poor growth-led development

Low wage industry-led development

Low wage labor-intensive export-led development

Agriculture based development

Endogenous growth-based development

Rural development paradigm

Washington Consensus-based development

Strategic Openness-based development

Exhaustible resource export-led development

Agricultural Commodity Export-led development

Emigration-based development

Immigration-based development

FDI-based development

Foreign-aid based development

types of development paradigm

Development Paradigm

type of blueprint that one society should follow to achieve development

Free-market trickle-down growth-led development

accrues to the rick, trickles-down to the poor through the normal income distribution channels and the functioning of free markets associated with the withdrawal of national governments, the liberations of foreign trade and the promotion of foreign investments

Pro-poor growth-led development

equitable secondary distribution of real income, without necessarily relying on trickle-down mechanisms

Low-wage industry-led development

promotion of heavy industry, at least in the first stage, which leads to investing a large share of national output and compressing, thus extracting the surplus from labor

Low-wage labor-intensive export-led development

this type of development is based on the export of labor intensive manufactured commodities in a context low-wage

Agriculture-based development

agricultural growth is seen as directly contributing to the various dimensions of socio-economic development, not only through its contributions to the general growth of the economic system, but also for its specific contributions to poverty reduction

Endogenous Growth-based development

technological changes required to support economic growth and by way of consequence development don’t to be “exogenous”, policies favoring local processes, context-specific technologies and the creation and maintenance of human capital

Rural development paradigm

socio-economic relationships among agents present in the same rural space, concept of development fits into the frame of “territorial development” and embodies the concept of community based development

Washington Consensus-based development

development is only possible if countries are able to benefit from the “globalized” environment

Strategic openness-based development

balancing openness and protection by differentiating across commodities, partners, period, etc rather than simply and blindly adhering to the ‘Washington Consensus’

Exhaustible-resource export-led development

type of development path adopted by most oil producing countries for instance, particularly in the Middle East and Africa

Agricultural commodity export-led development

exportable primary resources nor with any significant industrial system; countries producing and exporting mainly primary or semi-processed agricultural tropical commodities

Emigration-based development

countries with a weak industrial sector may find themselves with excess labor because of the primary sector is not capable of absorbing all the existing labor force even at subsistence wage levels, due to the lack of complementary factor

remittance of expatriated workers

Immigration-based development

countries able to attract labor thanks to financial resources accumulated through the export of their natural resource base; may develop further by attracting labor from excess labor countries and extract the surplus to further feed to their development process

FDI-based development

a further consideration applies to financial sources that may be used to fund capital accumulation to start up and feed development processes

Foreign aid-based development

whenever foreign aid is not fully absorbed by immediate emergency-related consumption of subsistence goods

Theories

well-enlightened explanations of a phenomenon

Modernization Theory and Neoliberalism

Dependency Theories

World System Theories

Globalization

4 Classical Theories of Development

Asian Values

Developmental State

2 Asian Theories of Development

Modernization Theory

duplicating the conditions present in developed societies

Marshall Plan

gave money to support and rebuild Europe

when Europe finally got back up again, it showed the world that capitalism and democracy worked better (than communism)

Traditional Society

Preconditions for Takeoff

Takeof

Drive to Maturity

Age of Mass Consumption

5 Stages of Modernization

technological system

educational system

economic system

Modern society’s goal is to develop the following

Modern Socities

more productive, educated children, and welfare to be needy

Derived from European and American Evolutionary Theory

Derived from Parsons’ Sociological Theories

two assumptions of modernization theory

phased process

homogenizing process

europeanization or americanization process

irreversible process

progressive process (inevitable and desirable)

lengthy process

assumptions under ‘derived from europe and american evolutionary theory’

phased process

step-by-step process at your own pace

homogenizing process

the more societies modernize, the more they look alike

europieanization or americanization process

the path to development is seen as imitating the west

irreversible process

once it starts, it can never be stopped

progressive process (inevitable but desirable)

it moves societies forwards, unavoidable, seen as something good for the betterment of societies

lengthy process

it takes generation or even centuries to complete, its impact will be felt only through time

Parsons’ Sociological Theories

based strictly on the functionalism-structuralism theory

systematic process

transformative process

imminent process

assumptions derived from parsons’ sociological theories

systematic process

modern attributes appear in clusters, not in isolation

transformative process

traditional structures and vales must be replaced with modern values

imminent process

bound to happen once it begins

provide a clear basis for the research focus

straightforward analytical framework

methodology based on general studies

strengths of modernization theory

provide a clear basis for the research focus

one of modernization theory strength that has extended into other spheres and is not limited to a single discipline

straightforward analytical framework

another strength of modernization theory that distinguished the traditional and modern models to describe development

methodology based on general studies

strength of modernization theory that uses general comparative studies to different government types and their implications on development

Development is not unidirectional

There is a need to eliminate traditional values

One possible model of development

Assumptions and results are focused on nation-state

criticisms of modernization theory

Development is not unidirectional

one of modernization theory’s criticism that says not all countries develop in the same linear path as the Western model

There is a need to eliminate traditional values

another criticism of modernization theory that states values are diverse across countries and establish national identity; traditional and modern values can coexist and support each other

Classical Modernization Approach

• focuses on the third world development

• tradition is an obstacle to development

• neglect of external factors and conflict

• unidirectional path towards Western models

New Modernization Approach

• focuses on the Third World Development

• tradition is an additive factor to development

• greater attention to external factors and conflicts

• multidirectional path

Walt Whitman Rostow

proponent of the Linear Theory of Development

Walt Whitman Rostow

Daniel Lerner

Everett Hagett

David Mc Clelland

Harvey Kebschull

Proponents of Modernization Theories

Daniel Lerner

Proponent Concept of Development (Modernization Theory)

Everett Hagett

Proponent of the main premise of modernization theory

David Mc Clelland

Proponent of Socio-Psychological Theory of Modernization Theory

Harvey Kebschull

Proponent of Impact of Modernization

Linear Growth Theory

exemplified by WW Rostow

Development is a linear path along which all countries travel

Development is seen primarily as a matter of economic growth and secondarily as a problem of securing social changes

Organizing efforts toward development is the prime concern of the government

Neoliberalism

claims that a largely unregulated capitalist system (free market economy) embodies free individual choice and achieve optimum economic performance

states is assigned with a very limited economic role

state intervention is more likely to create a problem

Dependency Theory

objection to the modernization theory or linear view of development (challenged modernization theory)

3rd world will remain poor because of 1st world countries (exploiters)

Andre Gunder Frank

Paul Baran

Samir Amin

Fernandez and Ocampo

Bill Warren

Proponents of Dependency Theories

Andre Gunder Frank

proponent of dependency theory

Paul Baran

proponent of the longer view

Samir Amin

proponent of unequal development

Fernandez and Ocampo

proponent of Latin America Revolution

Bill Waren

critique of dependency theory

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

ECLAC (1950)

Core countries

industrialized and developed countries

periphery countries

countries that export commodity products (raw materials) in a low price

Dependency Theory

argues that the underdevelopment of certain nations is a direct result of their exploitation by wealth, developed nations

core-periphery relationship

exploitation

unequal change

dependency theory is all about:

colonialism and neocolonialism

dependency theory is rooted in:

Rebisch’s import substitution industrialization

Falleto and Dos Santos’ Decolonization and socialism

solutions of dependency theory

marxist

extended monopolies at global level

need for bourgeoisie revolution to introduce a national transformation process

proletariat has strength and vanguard for social revolution

neo-marxist

vision from peripheral countries to jump to socialist revolution

revolutionary class must be led by peasants

Enrique Cardozo (1979) and Falleto (1980)

systemic and sub-systemic level; create positive development conditions

O’Donell

case of relative autonomy between economic and political elements (Southeast Asia)

Evans

comparative advantage

Gold

dependency elements; country formation process

Nikos Poulantzas

margin of movement; independence from powerful elites

World System Theory

myriad forces all interacting with one another

mutual interdependence

a division of labor exists, wherein it still rewards the rich and penalizes the poor

Immanuel Wallerstein

proponent of World Systems Theory

economic

political

military

communication

cultural

5 types of imperialism