Anatomy test number 2

What is the primary purpose of the respiratory system?

Ventilation and oxygen exchange

What is the secondary purpose of the respiratory system?

energy source for speech

pulmonary apparatus 

Lungs and airways

boundaries of the thoracic cavity

Ribs, Sternum, Vertebral column, Diaphragm 

sections of the vertebral column

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx 

atlas and axis

C1 atlas, C2 axis

features (facets, foramina, etc.) of vertebrae

Provide attachment points, facets, and foramina that allow the spinal cord and nerves to pass through.

how do the vertebrae attach to each other?

Intravertebral discs

types of ribs

True ribs, False ribs, Floating ribs

how do the ribs connect to the vertebrae and the sternum?

They are connected to the coastal cartilages.

type/amount of movement enabled at these joints

Allow for some gliding

factors that contribute to flexibility of the rib cage

Some ribs articulate with costal cartilage via synovial joints, costal cartilage= hyaline cartilage; some flexibility

parts of the sternum

Manubrium, corpus(body), xiphoid process

Pectoral girdle

(clavicle+scapula) provides a point of attachment for many of the accessory muscles of respiration

Pelvic girdle

provides an important attachment point for our abdominal muscles.

tissue composition including tissues involved in providing internal support (e.g., tracheal rings)

Blood, Vessels, Cartilage rings, Tissues involved in gas exchange like alveoli, trachea/bronchi, lining

L vs. R lung

The right lung is bigger than the left lung which makes room for the heart

purpose of high surface area (re: number of alveoli)

Necessary for gas exchange

path air travels to enter the lungs

Nasal cavities, pharynx, glottis, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli

basic characteristics of how alveoli communicate with the blood supply for gas exchange

Increase in size and number for O2 exchange

contents/location of the mediastinum

Middle space, contains the heart

mechanisms enabling pleural linkage and why pleural linkage is important

Changing the size and shape of the thoracic cavity changes the size and shape (volume) of the lungs. Important because Pleural linkage is how the lungs stay attached to the inside of the thoracic cavity.

different parts of the pleural lining (e.g., visceral vs. parietal pleura)

Visceral pleura lines lungs, parietal pleura lines ribs(outside tissue layer of lungs)

role of pleural fluid

Lubrication and increasing surface tension

Why should the interpleural space always have negative pressure? What could happen if the pressure in the interpleural space ever became positive?

To keep the lungs properly inflated, if pressure become positive your airway could possibly collapse.

mechanisms for improving (warming/humidifying) and filtering incoming air supply

Mucus (moistens) and abundant blood supply is sent to the lining of the respiratory passages.

general patterns of developmental changes that occur in the lungs (i.e., what happens to your lungs, rib cage, thoracic cavity, interpleural pressure, number of alveoli, color of your lungs, etc., as you grow and get older?)

Alveoli increase in size and number (increased surface area for O2 exchange)

Lung size and weight increases

Thoracic cavity enlarges and changes shape

Rib cage muscle bulk increases

Intrapleural pressure becomes more negative

Maturation of nervous system increases efficiency

Boyle's law

Volume and pressure inversely related

Air moves from high pressure areas to fill areas of low/negative pressure

The muscles of inspiration

increase the size of the thoracic cavity

the muscles of expiration

decrease the size of the thoracic cavity

subsequent changes in pressure and volume

Increased volume CAUSES decreased pressure in the lungs_.

Higher atmospheric pressure pushes air in to the area of low pressure.

Decreased volume CAUSES increased pressure in the lungs_.

Higher pressure in the lungs pushes air out

Quiet inspiration

passive expiration usually involuntary

Speech breathing

active expiration, voluntary

DIAPHRAGM

is one of the body's largest muscles, and it is the major muscle of inspiration (largely involuntary control, but can be voluntary). 

EXTERNAL intercostals

elevate the rib cage and are very important in supporting speech breathing.

INTERCHONDRAL

(cartillage) portion of the internal intercostals helps to elevate the rib cage.

 INTEROSSEOUS

portion of the internal intercostals lies DEEP to the external intercostals.

ABDOMINALS

reduce the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity_ by compressing the abdominal contents, which push up on the diaphragm

Sternocleidomastoid

Elevates sternum, clavicle and ribs by extension

external intercostals

most superficial layer of this muscle group- inspiration

interchondral portion of the internal intercostals

just the part that connects the cartilaginous portions of the ribs- inspiration

interosseous portion of the internal intercostals

just the part that connects the bony portions of the ribs- expiration

respiratory differences with body positioning

When lying down, gravity pushes abdominal viscera toward the back; takes more work for diaphragm to push down

Reduced lung capacity; more effort

Impact for those with respiratory compromise?

clavicular breathing

elevation of rib cage using accessory muscles of inspiration, especially sternocleidomastoid and scaleni

thoracic fixation

Upper body muscles are most powerful when they can pull against something rigid

Serratus Posterior Superior- inspiration

Levatores Costarum Brevis-inspiration

Levatores Costarum Longus-inspiration

Scalenes (Anterior, Middle, & Posterior)-inspiration

Pectoralis Major-inspiration

Pectoralis Minor-inspiration

Serratus Anterior-inspiration

Levator Scapulae-inspiration

Rhomboids (major & minor)-inspiration

Trapezius-inspiration

Quadratus Lumborum-inspiration

Transversus Thoracis-expiration

Serratus Posterior Inferior-expiration

Latissimus Dorsi- both inspiration and expiration