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Optimistic Strategy
Assuming that the best will happen; associated with confidence.
motivates goal seeking behaviour
Prefer not to think about possible outcomes
Scripts
Can be thought of as strategies: a sequence of activities that progress toward a goal
what you will do in that particular situation
Broad and help us pursue important goals in life
Pessimistic Strategy
Assuming the worst is likely to happen; associated with doubt.
attempts to avoid doom + bad outcomes/failure
Defensive Pessimism
A strategy where individuals expect the worst so they can be pleasantly surprised when it does not happen.
Julie Norem
A psychologist known for her work on defensive pessimism.
Explained how optimistic students dealt with anxiety about exam by expecting to do their best
Both seem to succeed about equally in coping with anxiety + performing well on exams (optimists seem to enjoy life more)
Emotional Experience
Describes a series of stages including appraisal, physical responses, facial expressions, and motivation.
the stages don’t have to happen separately or in particular order
It’s personal
Core Emotions
Basic emotions like happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, which have similar meanings worldwide.
Big Three of Emotions
A categorization of emotions into negative, positive, and neutral.
Emotional Intelligence
The ability to accurately perceive, control, and regulate emotions in oneself and others.
people vary in how much knowledge they have and can use
Alexithymic
Describes individuals who have little emotional awareness.
Emotion
A type of procedural knowledge that manifests through action and experience, rather than just concepts.
cannot be learned + fully expressed through words
A set of mental + physical procedures; something you do, not merely a set of concepts or a passive experience; personality process
Attitude
A personal evaluation of the likely outcome of an action + the desirability of that outcome
stems from wants + desires
How likely we think we’ll get a goal
Subjective Norms
Your impression of how relevant others value an action and your interest in pleasing them
social meaning attached to the action we want to engage in
Goal Intention
The intention to attain some particular outcome
Implementation Intention
The intention to take specific actions in specific contexts
how we implement our goals serving goal intentions
Idiographic Goals
Goals that are unique to the individuals who pursue them
Idiographic goal: Current Concerns
An ongoing motivation that persists in the mind until the goal is either attained or abandoned
more valued = more likely to think about it, emotionally aroused
Idiographic Goals: Personal Strivings
Long-term goals that can organize broad areas of a person’s life
Way to understand how people organize their motivations and work toward their goals
The goals or objectives that people typically work toward in their daily lives
Properties + Limits of Idiographic Goals
Held consciously at least some of the time
describe thoughts + behaviours aimed at fairly specific outcomes
Are changeable over time
Are assumed to function independently
can organize thought + behaviour, but aren’t themselves theoretically organized
Nonmethetic Goals
The relatively small number of essential motivations that almost everyone pursues
Primary Motivation: Need for Achievement
Learned characteristic that involves the desire to accomplish goals + feel successful
The desire to obtain excellent results by setting high standards + striving to accomplish them
Set standard + goals for themselves
Primary Motivation: Need for Affiliation
Describes a person’s desire to form + maintain positive relationships with others
Seek the company of others for it’s own sake
Primary Motivations: Need for Power
Motivational trait that describes a person’s desire to control and influence others or to achieve higher goals
Enjoy having an impact on others or the environment, and dislike being influenced by others
Feeling strong +influencing others. Dominating others
Judgment goals
Seeking to judge or validate an attribute in oneself
Responds to failure with a helpless pattern; concludes that they can’t do it, don’t try to improve themselves
Development Goals
Desire to actually improve oneself
Responds to failure with a mastery-oriented pattern; try even harder next time (learning from mistakes)
Carol Dweck: Entity Theories
Believe that personal qualities are unchangeable; leads them to respond helplessly to any indication that they don’t have what it takes
intelligence, personality, and willpower are fixed and cannot be changed
Believe their intelligence level remains the same throughout their life
Carol Dweck: Incremental Theories
Believe that intelligence and ability can change with time + experience; goals involve not only proving competence but increasing it
View the self as malleable
Emotional Experience stage: Appraisal
Refers to how you interpret and evaluate a situation or event
Determines whether you view the situation as positive, negative, or neutral, which influences the type of emotion you feel
emotions arise based on your perception of the event’s significance to your goals, needs, or well-being
You interpret the situation
Emotional Experience Stage: Motivation
Involves the urge or drive to act based on the emotion you feel. Emotions are motivational because they prepare you to respond to the situation
different emotions prompt different types of action
You feel driven to act in response to the emotion
fear motivates escape or self-protection
Happiness motivates social connection
Emotional Experience Stage: Physical Responses
Refer to the physiological changes your body undergoes when your experience an emotion.
Includes heart rate, muscle tension, sweating, and hormonal activity, preparing your body to respond
These responses are often automatic and are part of the body’s “fight, flight, or freeze” system
Your body prepares to respond
Emotional Experience Stage: Facial Expression
Emotions are often expressed outwardly through facial expression + other nonverbal behaviours. These expressions communicate your feelings to others + can amplify your own emotional experience
often happen automatically, but can also be controlled or masked
Outwardly express feeling through your face + body language
