Ch 2: Ethics in Research

Research misconduct

significant failure to adhere to prevailing, professional standards and is considered a violation of the Code of Ethics

fabrication

making stuff up

falsification

manipulating research materials, equipment or processes, or altering data or results; not accurately reporting results

plagiarism

using another's ideas

self-plagiarism

sending your work to multiple sources for publication

planning involves application of basic ethical principles of

- beneficence

- respect

- justice

beneficience

making efforts to secure their well-being: do no harm; maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms

respect

respect for persons incorporates at least two ethical convictions:

first, that individuals should be treated as autonomous (freedom to choose) agents, and second, that persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection

justice

selection of research participants are not based on their easy

availability, their compromised position, or their manipulability, rather than for reasons directly related to the problem being studied.

HIPPA's privacy rule

intended to prevent using or disclosing individually identified health info without consent

informed consent

provide participants with enough information to make a reasonable decision

- protects rights of research participants

deception

if deception is included

- must have good reason

- informed consent must be obtained

- must provide additional safe guards to protect the rights and welfare of research participants

- must be a debriefing at the conclusion of the study

IRB MUST provide ____ of a research proposal before

data can be collected

approval

Control groups

comparison of the treatment under question to a control group

Long-term potential for unethical practices in control groups

- With-holding treatment

- When and how would the control group receive treatment if they

want it

Conflicts of Interest

"Situations where personal and/or financial

considerations compromise judgment in any professional

activity...or where the situation may appear to provide

the potential for professional judgment to be

compromised." (ASHA Board of Ethics, 2011)

Maintenance records

- IRB approval

- Informed consent forms

- Participant encounters

- Research protocol

- Data collection and analysis

- Research reports

Referencing of Sources

- reference others' intellectual property

- direct idea with quotation marks and citation

- acknowledge colleagues or collaborators

Criteria for authorship

- Substantial contribution to conception and design or

acquisition of data or analysis and interpretation of data

- Drafting the article or revising it critically for important

intellectual control

- Final approval of the version to be published

Peer Review

- Process by which the quality of research is assessed and involves

multiple activities (AAMC, 1994)

- Peer review of grant applications.

- Peer review of publications.

- Issues: bias of reviewers, confidentiality, plagiarism.

Concerns with evidence based practice

- Patients can be deprived of care in the name of EBP

- Give more authority to the providers, those who know

the research, and less to the patients themselves

- Prioritizes funding and publication of certain studies

that provide positive evidence